English Legal System Essay Example for Free

English Legal System Essay1. The Sources of English LawWhat we are concerned nearly in this regard is the JUSTIFICATION for the decisions reached by our various courts of legal philosophy, and the principles of fairness applied by equityyers in relation to commercialized and business practices. Laws are dod by lawyers, commercial and business law is created by commercial lawyers, but it is business men and women who essential abide by, apply and work within it.There are a number of sources of English law, and this is markedly different from some other jurisdictions, eg China and parts of continental Europe. In the UK, the legal outline is a COMMON fairness LEGAL SYSTEM, as opposed to a CIVIL LAW SYSTEM.It is perhaps easier to define a obliging law system first, in that a civil law system is a written and accessible set of laws that cover all aspects of activity finished codified legal principles and rules. These codified rules are commonly created through the politic al apparatus, the court system is usually inquisitorial, not bound by precedent, and the law is administered by a specially trained judiciary with a limited authority. The judicial role is to INTERPRET the law.Roman law was one of the first major civil law systems, and the Germanic codes that had genuine from the 6th and seventh centuries in Germany were adopted by developing Asian nations from the 19th century onwards. The German Civil Code became the basis for the legal systems of countries such as lacquer and South Korea, and in China, the German Civil Code was introduced in the later years of the Qing Dynasty and formed the basis of the law of the Republic of China. So in China, in simplistic terms, the law is created by the Legislative Branch of government, the National Peoples Congress and is applied and interpreted by the Judicial Branch of government, the exacting Peoples speak to creation at the top of this hierarchy, and Basic Peoples Court at the bottom.In the Common Law legal system of the UK there are a number of principal(a) sources(i) Common Law(ii) Statute(iii) European Legislation(i)Common LawSometimes also referred to as CASE LAW, this is judge-make law, a body of legal principles that are made by our adjudicate on a side by case basis. This practice has genuine over the centuries in England from the time of the Norman Conquest (1066). topical anesthetic customary law was gradually brought together as the government and administration of the various parts of England and Wales was centralised in London in one fantan and one supreme court. Knights originally, past judges would travel around the country from London, hearing cases and recording their decisions so establishing a set of PRECEDENTS and a unified system of law. This became cognise as the COMMON LAW a law that was common to all, applied to all men in all parts of the country.An area of law that still to this day remains based in principles of common law is the law of cont ract, and this will be one area of law we will be considering in our studies this semester. While there is some statute law in the law of contract, most of the fundamental principles of how we create interpret and administer contracts at law in England, are to be found in common law, judge-made case law.For representative, it is a rule in the law of contract that, in general, only the parties to a contract can sue for breach of contract. A third party, C, cannot sue for a breach of a contract made between A and B. This is known as the COMMON LAW DOCTRINE OF PRIVITY, and as discussed in the case of Tweddle v Atkinson (1861). In this case, the father of the bride and the bridegroom entered into an agreement to pay the groom authorized sums when he had married the daughter. On the marriage, one father refused to pay the groom and the court decided that the groom could not sue for breach of contract because he was not a party to the contract even though he was obviously mentioned in i t and had benefits under it.(ii)Statute Law or LegislationAs judges are making laws in the court room, so our Parliament makes law by way of statute, or feign of Parliament. More and more our law is developed in this codified form, particularly in areas where the principles are complicated and complex eg company law, social security law and tax law. As these fields developed rapidly, it was not feasible to wait for a particular point to be raised by parties to an action in a courtroom, and for clarity and certainty, particularly in the commercial field, rules needful to be established and applied to keep pace with developments.So, for example, as business resorted more and more to conducting commercial ventures through the corporation, it became clear that we needed regulation in codified form to govern the incorporation and ongoing operations of that entity. Hence, most of our company law is contained in statutory form, under the Companies work out 2006. It is the biggest piece of legislation ever passed by a UK parliament and has over 1300 sections. It took 10 years to draft and introduce, and only fully came into force in 2009. Cases on the points of law in the Act are only just now starting to take place in the companies courts. So, in semester 2, in the module commercial message Law, we will be concentrating our focus on statute law, unlike this semesters focus on the common law, as it contains the fundamentals of the law relating to contracts in England.Finally, it should be notable here that if there is a conflict between the common law and statute law, STATUTE WILL PREVAIL.(iii) European lawOn Britains admittance into the European Community in 1972, our parliament enacted a piece of legislation called the European Communities Act 1972, under which Britain made an undertaking to be bound by COMMUNITY LAW, that is, laws made by the European Parliament. Section 3 of the ECA 1972 binds our courts to accept the supremacy of community law.It is not how ever strictly correct to say that EU law automatically applies in the UK and that domestic UK law is therefore redundant. Rather, if there is conflict between the two, in a given area, then EU law is paramount in this instance. Where there is a gap in the UK law, and there is EU law on that point, then again, EU law will apply, to create a certain right or an obligation.A very significant case on the issue of EU supremacy was Factorame Ltd v Secretary of accede for Transport (No 2) 1991. In this case, the EU had made laws to govern the accessibility of all member asseverates of the EU to fish each others waters, setting limits and restrictions on this, but except granting equal rights to all members to fish each others waters. To fish in UK waters and in this manner, a ship had to be registered under the merchant shipping regulations of the state in whose waters it intends to fish.In response to this, the UK passed an Act of Parliament which required that registration would only be granted if there was a genuine and veritable connection with the UK. As a result of this, a Spanish vessel, the Factorame, could not gain the necessary registration to fish in British waters, and legally challenged the provisions of the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 on the basis that it was incompatible with EU law, and that it had been discriminated against on the grounds of nationality. After protracted court battles, eventually, our highest court at the time, the fellowship of Lords, ruled that indeed that these provisions of the Merchant Shipping Act should be suspended (and in due course amended) as it was incompatible with the EU provisions.In the UK, a DUALIST approach is taken which means that certain types of EU law do not generally become part of the UK law, until they corroborate been brought into effect through the passing of a piece of UK legislation, through the British parliament. This type of law is often brought into effect as an EU DIRECTIVE. Some types of EU l aw do however have direct effect and do not need domestic national enactment. These are commonly referred to as EU REGULATIONS, made by the EU Commission and the Council of Ministers. Finally, another important provision of EU law in the UK, is based in the European Convention on gay Rights. The UK passed an Act of Parliament, the Human Rights Act 1988, which allows UK courts to declare a provision of statutory law incompatible, if it violates the Convention on Human Rights.2. The Courts and the Doctrine of Precedent(i)The Courts TodayA sanctioned distinction must be made between the CRIMINAL LAW, and the CIVIL LAW. The criminal law is accusatorial, and is applied through the trial mechanism, between the community, here in the UK this is the Queen, and the person accused of the crime, the accused. The case is brought on behalf of the Queen, as the representative of the community, and so this party is referred to as R, and the other party is referred to by name. So for example a ca se will be cited as R v Brown, and will be followed by the date in brackets (1993). There is also then a citation as to where and in what law report the case can be found.The civil law is concerned with disputes between individuals. The claimant commences proceedings against another, the defendant, who defends the claim, and whitethorn also counter-claim against the claimant. So, for example, as we will see, a civil claim may be brought for a breach of contract between the parties to that contract. An example would be the case of Mitchell Ltd v George Finney Lock Seeds Ltd (1983). We will discuss the facts.We will now look in brief at the court systems with reference to the text, Smith and Keenan, at pages 19 and 20.The Courts today have the Supreme Court at the top of the hierarchy, which under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, creates a new independent Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Previously, the highest court in the legal hierarchy was the House of Lords, and it enjoyed the jurisdiction as the final court of appellate jurisdictionBut again we must remember that in relation to a point in European law, the European Court of Justice has supremacy, and any court may, and in the case of the Supreme Court, must, seek a preliminary ruling on a relevant point of European law from the ECJ.We should also mention the European Court of Human Rights, which sits in Strasbourg. It was set up by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, to ensure that those of the member states that choose to engage, observe the terms of their engagement. The UK is one of the states which have accepted the courts jurisdiction. The ECHR can now be approached directly by the person alleging a human rights violation, by bringing an action against the state responsible.So, for example in the case of Lustig-Prean and Beckett v United Kingdom (1999), the court decided that certain members of the UK armed forces who were discharged because of their homo sexuality had been subjected to a violation of their human rights under the European Convention. The decision of the court meant that the armed forces had to revise their policy on homosexuality, but the case has no binding effect on private business, because it only relates to the state, in this case the UK.

Classical vs. Keynsian Economics Essay Example for Free

Classical vs. Keynsian Economics EssayThere are several significant factors that signalize Classical from Keynesian economics. Classical economics stays true to the laissez-faire concept of no political science mediation in businesses with the assumption that the providence bequeath work itself out. Keynesian economics, on the other hand, revolves around deficit spending and the belief that essentially in the long run, were all going to cash in ones chips. Both schools of economics take a different stance on the behavior of consumers, fiscal policy, and disposal spending. Classical economists, in essence, monitor what is currently flow in the economy. They believe that the economy is stable and self-sustaining because in the long run, the market supposedly automatically adjusts to booms and busts. This principle is heavily influenced by the epoch of industrialisation during and after. In a Classical economic model, economists consent individuals actions and desires, thus allowing prices to fluctuate based on that individuals needs.Says Law explicates this phenomenon by saying that cede creates its own demand and in result, the economy is stimulated when more goods are produced. Furthermore, Classicalists do not act with fiscal policies and strongly believe the notion that government spending impedes a nations economic growth Keynesian economists believe that the government is imperfect and is not able to sustain itself so government intervention is not only beneficial, but also crucial to mediate the economy. Their stance on fiscal policy is to either contract or exsert the economy with specific tools depending on the gap in the economy. In a Keynesian economic model, economists rely on government spending to jumpstart an economy if it was dragged down into a depression.When there is a lack of growth, the government should stimulate demand. Personally, I would agree with Classical economics, but with all the assumptions present it is around out( predicate) to side with them. Most of the assumptions are not true and are essential to accurately find a solution to economic problems. For instance, President Ronald Reagan was big on thetheory of hands-off business, yet he plundered the nation into the most drastic deficit more than all of his predecessors combined.Not having government intervention is nearly impossible since there is always a need to mediate the economy. I would side more with Keynesian economics since there is almost always a practical solution to a problem. In other words, it is like an algorithm you need so much to get the desired output. For instance, in the Great clinical depression of 2008, the government efficiently used expansionary fiscal policy to boost the economy. Government spending was vastly increased, as well as taxes. Our economy was gradually remedied by the policies that were enacted upon, thus my reason for siding with Keynesian economics.

Concept of Hope in Nursing

Concept of intrust in NursingINTRODUCTIONThe aim of this assignment is to explore the concept of hope, which has a great deduction in treat practice, and how this concept relates to the long-suffering c be provision go away also be discussed. Hope is vital for e trulyone, and is an inner power or expectations of something bettor outcomes from any situation. Hope could be renewed with the restoration of peoples confidence in themselves, their government, and the future, hope does not depend on facts or logic, nor can it simply be ordered into being, although it can be encouraged (Parse 1999). Hope is a powerful thing which gives energy to the life, to happen upon goals and perditions of better life.DEFINIING THE CONCEPTHope is defined by many authors in their own views. Some of the definitions will be undertaken to understand the concept of hope precisely in this speckle of rub down. Hope is defined as an essential but dynamic life force that grows out of faith in God, is fe nd fored by relationship, resource and work, and results in the energy necessary to work for a desired future Hope gives meaning and happiness (Holt 2000).It nub that hope is an authoritative fictitious character of life, and it forces the life believe in the trust. The relationship, work, and resources also support it. Hope plays a vital role to improve the patients condition and supports utilize this concept by using their efficient nursing skills. A accommodate must have to understand that how unique and different is every individual before applying this concept to motivate their inner power to believe in this concept of hope. Hope has a meaning and provides happiness. harmonize to Miller and Powers (1988) hope is defined as an anticipation of a future which is good, based on mutuality (relationships with others), a genius of personal competence, coping ability, psychological well being, purpose and meaning in life, and a sense of the possible. Therefore, the concept of ho pe is a part of future which is very important for the better and successful life. It is based on various aspects including need to equality, means the relationship with others, personal ability and coping ability to gain be after objectives. It has a purpose and meaning in life and there is need to physical as well as psychological well being to carry through the desired result. There is also need to develop coercive attitude and a feeling of misadventure. Nowotny (1989) concluded that hope is a multidimensional dynamic prop of an individual which includes six critical attribute future oriented, active individual date, comes from within, related to trust, that which is hoped for is possible, involves other people or a higher being, outcome is important to the individual. A person having hope has the characteristics of multilayered elements which involves six significant traits which means a person must set goals for his/her future and should develop active individual involvem ent physically as well as psychologically, It also correlate the person to faith which is very necessary for the possibility of hope. According to Farran et al. (1992) hope is defined as expectation approximately attaining some desired goal in the future, a necessary condition for action, a subjective state that can influence realities to come, and acquaintance that we can manage our internal and external realities. It is a required circumstance for the action of planned goals. It is a fact which deals with the inner and outer veracity of a person. Default and Martocchio (1985) stated that hope is defined as a multidimensional dynamic life force characterized by a confident yet groping expectation of achieving a future good which, to the hoping person is realistically possible and personally significant. Hope is a strong positive feeling, which is related to the achievement of the goals that are established for better future. According to Snyder et al. (1991) hope is defined as a cognitive set that is based on reciprocally derived sense of successful theatrical (goal directed determination) and pathway (planning of ways to meet goals). Therefore, hope is an intellectual set up which depends on the sense to achieve desired goals and objectives of life. It is a way to achieve the desired objectives by well planning that includes all the methods which are going to follow.RELEVANCE OF THE CONCEPT TO PRACTICEIn nursing, hope has a significant role. When a nurse gives care to the patient he/she encourages the patient to think positively by using this concept of hope. It is only hope which motivates the individuals to be positivistic towards life. This will help them to maintain good interpersonal relationship as well as it accelerates the healing process. Mickley et al. (1992) considered that a multidimensional dynamic attribute of an individual which includes the dimensions of possibility and confidence in the future outcome, active involvement which comes from relations with others and spiritual beliefs. In this, the concept of hope has multidimensional characteristics involving possibilities and confidence. This can be only achieved by the interaction with others. Here the role of a nurse is to instill hope in the patient and build confidence and motivate to perceive life positively. According to Herth (1989) Hope is a source of energy, enabling healthy coping, and influencing survival, it is positive relationship between level of hope and level of coping in the individual. The author suggests that the cost hope and coping are inter-related with each other. It has good relationship with coping and expecting. When this concept is utilized in nursing, the nurses have to consider each patients needs and fill out up with their expectations and disease process. It can further result in good patient outcome. The concept of hope has great impact on the role of nurse and patient care. Hope is a motivation for the nurses which relate them for their active involvement in the work (Kulig 2002). A good working environment promotes both nurse and patient to work together. Hope is also relevant for the nurses who give palliative care to the patients (Feudtner et al. 2007). Nurses play vital role in encouraging the patients to take part in the effective management. According to Snyder (1998) hope is build upon the principle that a good deal of everyday behavior is goal directed towards the patient care. It means that good behavior of the nurses plays an important role while good-looking care to the patient. Good communication with the patient by nurses can foster a positive hope, which may provide an effective way to achieve the goal. There are some ramparts of hope which come forward when this concept of hope put in nursing practice. According to Jackson, et al. (2000) barriers in hope are difference in spiritual beliefs, lack of knowledge, quarrel and communication, economical factors, lack of trust about health care syst em and accepting hospice is perceived as giving up hope. Every individual may have different views on their spirituality, lack of knowledge about disease condition withdraw a nurse to develop hope in the patient. Language and communication also can be the major barrier to motivate hope in patient. Moreover, nurses can also promote the hope in patient with good communication and motivate the patient by giving proper explanation regarding the disease process, its treatment and recovery. So, a nurse must have good communication skills as well as she should be a good listener. Economical barriers also affect the quality of care. Due to the financial problems one cannot afford the facilities that can be provided in good hospitals. Furthermore, different language and customs of patients can also hinder the application of the concept of hope in the nursing practice. Therefore, it is essential to know the significance of hope in nursing as well as to understand the barriers of concept in or der to deliver a quality of care to the patient.CONCLUSIONTo sum up, in this piece of work the concept of hope, its various perspectives and characteristics have been analyzed. Moreover, its relevance in patient care in nursing practice were identified in this framework. It is obvious from in a higher place analysis that hope has a crucial role in nursing practices and in ones life. It has a great influence in the coping mechanism of the patient from illness. Nurse assumes a primary role while giving care to the terminally ill patient. Finally, Hope is a multidimensional process which boosts the patient actively to takes part in the process related to their care and for the welfare of their health.

An Introduction To The Operations Management Concepts Business Essay

An Introduction To The Operations Management Concepts Business Es vocaliseOperations Management has been defined by Krajewski, et al. (2007) as the control and statement of the processes of the boldness that changes its input materials to mathematical harvest-homes and/or services for its customers. This report will comp ar how Mercedes-Benz and Honda manage their operations. The comparison mightiness be useful because it would support identify miscellaneous ways an organisation could be run in order to meet its goals and objectives.The report will give a brief background of the two arrangings mentioned above and then would move on to the comparison of their marketing strategies and competitive priorities. Finally, the importance of frame marchs such as might planning, inventory anxiety, supply chain design, Total type management and performance measures, would be discussed and how they could be useful in attentioning an organisation function expeditiously and effect ively.A) COMPANY BACKGROUND OF MERCEDEZ BENZ MERCEDEZ-BENZ U.S. INTERNATIONAL, inc. (MBUSI) and HONDA HONDA MANUFACTURING OF ALABAMA, LLC. (HMA).MERCEDEZ-BENZ (MBUSI)Mercedes-Benz U.S. International, Inc. (http//www.mbusi.com) was established for the main propose of manufacturing the M-Class. The M-class was such a huge success that they decided in August 2000 to expand the facility not only to diligence more units of It, but all overly to include the R and GL-classes to its product list. The expansion not only doubled the plant size but also the labor force. The plant consists of a bole shop, paint shop and two assembly shops. MBUSI receives orders from their 135 worldwide markets.MBUSI uses the Just-in-Time (JIT) philosophy which implies that they do not inventorypile large amounts of the inventory they use to assemble their political machines.HONDA (HMA)HMA (http//www.hondaalabama.com) manufactures the odyssey, ridgeline and polisher models for the world wide market. HMAs investment in Alabama is over $1.4billion with the construction of a upstart Honda Engineering facility, on-site consolidation center and steel blanking operation. one of their goals is to be able to produce goods with high musical note and sell at a reasonable price. HMA can be referred to as a Zero Landfill ease due to the fact that they atomic number 18 committed to the principle of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. They abide made efforts in curbing null use during their production processes, and this has earned them an energy star award from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).A.1) OPERATION/TRANSFORMATION PROCESS OF THE ORGANIZATIONSMERCEDEZ-BENZ (MBUSI)The manufacturing process for two(prenominal) models begins in the Body Shop where the components that comprise the ad incorporateture body are welded together. From the body shop, they are taken to the ultra-clean Paint Shop where the cars are painted. Finally, they end up in the Assembly where it becomes a imp ertinent Mercedes-Benz M, R, or GL-Class ready for shipping. From beginning to end, these vehicles are created with style, functionality, and quality in mind (http//www.mbusi.com).HONDA (HMA)Honda Manufacturing of Alabama (HMA) has the largest give awayput for Honda light trucks. It has the capacity to create over 300,000 odyssey minivans, pilot sport protect vehicles, Ridgeline pick-up trucks and V-6 engines annually (http//www.hondaalabama.com).A.2) COMPARISON OF THE ORGANISATIONS BASED ON MARKETING STRATEGIESThe Ansoff matrix bespeaks four ways an organisation could develop strategically. The first one which is market penetration deals with exhalation into the market yet further with existing goods, the next one, product development, has to do with developing impudent-sprung(prenominal) products for the existing market, the third which is market development deals with developing new markets and new instalments for existing products while the final one which is diversifica tion takes a radical step to create new products for new markets (Wood, 2007).The table below shows the similarities and conflict in marketing strategies between MERCEDEZ-BENZ and HONDA.MERCEDEZ-BENZHONDAPRODUCT DEVELOPMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTDIVERSIFICATIONThe marketing strategies mentioned in the table above will be discussed in the following paragraphs.PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTProduct Development deals with producing new products or improving existing ones for the existing market.According to Mercedes-Benz (http//www.mbusi.com) and HONDA (http//www.automobiles.honda.com), below are virtually of the areas they capture tried to improve their products. Mercedes (GL-CLASS/C-CLASS) and HONDA (PILOT/INSIGHT HYBRID) would be used as examples.MERCEDES-BENZ(GL-CLASS)HONDA(PILOT)SAFETY-12-Way protection of an 8-air bag protection-Electronic stability program(ESP)-Brake Assist(BAS)-Rollover sensor-Low tire pressure archetype organization-Active head restraints-Seat belts-Three-Row side curtain airbags with rollover sensor-Vehicle stability assist with traction control-Lower Anchors and Tethers for children(LATCH) Advanced compatibility Engineering(ACE) body structure-Tire pressure monitoring system(TPMS) lay/LUGGAGE CAPACITY-Room for 7 adults-collapsible seats for 2ndand 3rdrow, leaving more cargo space.-Room for 8 adults-collapsible seats for 2nd and 3rdrow, leaving more cargo space.4-WHEEL AIR suspension 4-wheel air suspension which can raise its height by up to 3. This is useful for off road trips.TOWING CAPACITY-7500-ib towing capacity.-4500-ibs towing capacity.FUEL ECONOMY-Hondas variable piston chamber management (VCM), which helps improve fuel economy.C-CLASSINSIGHT HYBRIDENVIRONMENTALFRIENDLINESS-Blue efficiency technology which is efficient at reducing carbonic acid gas emissionsReduced CO2 emission.From the table above, it can be observed that the two organizations pee-pee developed their products in various areas which include safety, fuel economy, environmen tal friendliness etc. product development could be said to be a good marketing strategy because many consumers are drawn towards goods they can derive good value for money from. However, the development of a product might result to an enlarge in its price. This price change might discourage certain consumers from purchasing it which could have a negative effect on the amount of sales of the product.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMarket Development is concerned with creating new markets and segments for existing products.MERCEDEZ-BENZ and HONDA have registered their front end in many parts of the world. With respect to Honda, they have manufacturing companies in America, China, Japan, Europe, In dosia, and India. When manufacturing automobiles in any region, the films and values of the consumers over there should be put into status. This could help in getting the market to patronize you all the more. For example, according to (http//www.world.honda.com) because the European market is highly E co-conscious, Honda manufactured and launched the Insight Hybrid and the CR-Z Hybrid in 2009 and 2010 respectively, in Europe. Honda also released the Accord Crosstour model in the African and Middle Eastern markets where the SUV category is widely popular in order to cultivate a new CUV (Cross-over Utility Vehicle) category that offers new added value.Mercedes-Benz also has markets in various parts of the globe which include Africa, Asia, Australia/Pacific, Europe, North and Central America, South America. Apart from developing new markets in polar parts of the world, Mercedes-Benz has also tried to look into new customer segments. According to (http//www.exampleessays.com), they are looking to expand their market base to youths. This is organism done by using a more life-style marketing strategy which emphasizes a more fun loving, approachable and energetic side of Mercedes-Benz. This new message was obvious when they sponsored the Elton John concert in New York, and sponsoring o f the professional tennis.Market development is a good marketing strategy in that it could help increase sales. However, when organizations enter into new markets without carrying out proper research on its suitability for their products, if it turns out that the market is not favorable enough due to reasons such as low purchasing power of consumers, then that product creation introduced might not perform too well in the market.DIVERSIFICATION diversification is developing entirely new products for a new market.Unlike Mercedes-Benz, Honda is into the production of different goods in different product lines. They manufacture Automobiles, Power sports (motor bikes and ATVs), Jets, Power equipments (Generators, lawnmowers, pumps, gust blowers etc), Honda Marines (Engines used for boats), and Honda Engines for (water pumps, agricultural equipments, forestry equipments, etc). Diversification is a very useful marketing strategy in that it helps expand the market base of the organisation and thereby increase the sales opportunities. However, for various reasons such as availability of substitute goods strong competitors etc, certain brands might become weak or unprofitable and this could affect the organization negatively.A.3) COMPARISON OF THE ORGANISATIONS BASED ON COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES.MERCEDEZ (MBUSI)HONDA(HMA)CONSISTENT QUALITYVARIETYDELIVERY SPEEDLOW-COST OPERATIONDEVELOPMENT SPEEDON-TIME DELIVERY quite a little FLEXIBILTYSome of the competitive priorities will be discussed below.CONSISTENT QUALITYBoth Mercedes and Honda have consistent quality as a competitive priority. It may be argued that Consistency is being achieved due to the fact that production of cars is highly automated, and so the chances of error are slimmer. Honda and Mercedes for example have robots they use in their plants. These robots have been programmed to work in a particular which helps ensure consistency.VARIETYBoth organizations have a wide range of goods available to customers. Merce des has the A, B, C, CL, GL, S, SLK, E, R, M etc classes. On the other hand, Honda has different models of vehicles which include Accord coupe, crosstour, sedan, Civic coupe, hybrid sedan, si coupe, odyssey, pilot, Ridge line truck, etc. With this in come forward, the consumers have an array of choices.DELIVERY SPEEDDelivery rush along might be argued to be an cardinal competitive priority to organizations because normally, consumers prefer going to places where they can get what they want when they want it. If an organisation can not deliver to its customers as quickly as possible, with time they might loose them. This could be one of the reasons wherefore some companies decide to have branches all over the world just like Mercedes and Honda. The nearer you are to your market, the faster you can deliver.LOW-COST OPERATIONMajority of Mercedes vehicles are luxurious and sophisticated. The materials involved in the manufacture of their cars are of higher quality and therefore coul d relatively cost more. This reflects in the price of the vehicle at the end of the day as Mercedes cars are usually very expensive. On the other hand, Hondas cost of operation might be a little lower because they manufacture vehicles that fall in the small car market the raw materials used may not be as expensive as that of Mercedes. This is an area Honda and Mercedes differ.B.1) CAPACITY PLANNING AND THE EXPANSIONIST MODEL might planning is employed to ensure that the processes in any given organisation run smoothly without any hitch. It would help identify the bottle necks, and then suggest ways of alleviating them. And also, through demand envisions, it helps to guide the decision on whether or not to increase their capacity by buying more equipment, putting up more structures etc. There are a couple of tools used in capacity planning, and one of them is the expansionist model.The Expansionist strategy makes a forecast on demand and based on this, decides whether or not to expa nd capacity. The advantage of the expansionist strategy is that if the forecast is accurate, the chances of sales being lost to lean capacity becomes very narrow. However, if the demand does not increase as expected, the investment made in expansion might become a waste.Honda (http//www.world.honda.com) used the expansionist strategy when it forecasted that in 2004 they expected sales to increase by 36% of the previous year in the Asia-Oceania region. This made them increase the annual production capacity in India from 30,000 to 50,000 units. This decision to expand would have helped them reduce the chances of missing out on sales due to capacity insufficiency.B.2) INVENTORY MANAGEMENT AND JUST-IN-TIME (JIT)Inventory management has to do with monitoring the in-flow and out-flows of the goods of an organisation in such a way that they do not have too much in store, and at the kindred time are able to meet up with their demand. There are different methods of managing inventory in an organisation, and one of it is Just-In-Time (JIT).JIT is a philosophy which states that products should be enjoin for and produced only when needed, and that they should not be produced to store away. The advantage of the JIT philosophy is that it produces a lean system which is anti-waste. JIT also helps save on cost such as storage, handling, shrinkage etc. However, if suppliers fail to deliver on the agreed date, fail to deliver materials of acceptable quality and/or deliver materials that require scrap or rework, the organisations processes would be disrupted.Mercedes ( http//www.mbusi.com) uses the JIT philosophy for its operations. In their body shop, they have about one days supply of materials, and on the production line they have about 40 minutes of parts. Their team uses a computerized system whereby if they need more materials, a member of the team pushes a button which sends a signal to the screen on the forklift which will inform the forklift driver on which part is n eeded for what particular station. They use this system as opposed to stockpiling of parts on the line. It kit and boodle for them because it helps them to be leanB.3) SUPPLY CHAIN DESIGN AND OFF SHORING tot up chain design has to do with the plan the organization has in place to ensure its supply chain does not hinder it from being competitive in the market. Supply chain design is both relevant to the service and manufacturing industries. In the service industry, it seeks to ensure that the resources needed to provide a service are always available in the right proportion, while in the manufacturing industry, it seeks to ensure that the organization does not have too much nor too little stock in its possession so they could meet up with their competitive priorities. ane important aspect of supply chain view is off shoring.Off shoring involves establishing branches of an organization in one or more parts of the world. This could be done for various reasons one of which is to reduc e the cost of logistics. However, if there is an over-estimation of the suitability of the intended location for the organization, and after setting up there for a while, they discover the prospects are not as bright as they thought probably due to insufficient power supply, they might have to locate up the organization which might be very costly because they would have invested so much in the project. It is therefore important for organizations to make sure it is absolutely necessary forrader embarking on an off shore project.Both Mercedes and Honda have off shore branches, and this can be reflected in the number of subsidiaries they have all over the world. One of the reasons why they do this is to be closer to their customers, so they can cut down on delivery cost.B.4) TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND 3 PRINCIPLESTotal quality management (TQM) is used to ensure that the goods produced and services rendered by an organization are of good quality, and up to standard. The Internationa l Standard Organisation (ISO) sets the bar for all organizations. TQM takes into consideration three principles which include aim of customer satisfaction, degree of employee involvement and the rate of sustained advantage.Customer Satisfaction This has to do with producing goods and rendering services that meet the need and satisfy the desires of the customer. It is important for an organization to satisfy their customers because they are the ones who keep them in business. If your customers are unhappy with your goods or services and they leave, then that organization might fold up in less than no time.Employee Involvement This has to do with getting the opinion of workers on how to move the organisation forward. It might be argued that involving employees in some decision making processes is substantive to the success of that organization because, it makes them feel useful and so they might want to put in their best in what they do. They are allowed to be innovative and to co ntribute their ideas to the organization which might end up taking the community to heights of greatness.Continuous Improvement This deals with ensuring organizations processes are always efficient and effective. The competition in the market now a days is so stiff that organizations cannot afford to have a lackadaisical attitude towards the continuous improvement of their processes. If they do that, they would loose their customers to their competitors.It could be said that the application of the 3 principles to an organisation would be helpful for its survival. However, it might be expensive to handle especially when it comes to the continuous improvement bit because it might entail having to train round on a frequent basis.Mercedes (http//www.mbusi.com) tries to continuously improve their processes by training their staff before and even after they commence work.B.5) PERFORMANCE RESOURCES AND BALANCED SCORE CARDEach organization need some form of benchmark to measure their tak e aim of performance. Kaplan and Nortons balanced scorecard could be used for this purpose, and it is discussed below.Financial Measures this has to do with the measurement of the financial performance of the organisation. It takes into perspective concepts like Operating income, ROI, EBIT etc. Daimler AG, (http//www.daimler.com) the parent company of Mercedes had a net profit of C1.4billion in 2008 while in 2009, they recorded a net loss of C 2.6billion. This loss might be partially because of the economic recession. In 2009, (http//www.world.honda.com) Honda had an operating income of Y189, 643 millions while in 2010, it increased to Y363,775. Looking at these figures, one can tell at a glance their level of financial performance for those years.Customer-Relationship Measure this deals with how well an organisation treats its customers. It considers issues such as customer satisfaction, customer retention etc. Mercedes is a brand which could be argued to be well known for making t heir customers happy because they produce cars with class. They try to meet the need of sophistication which their customers have. With the release of the CR-Z hybrid, Honda has also tried to satisfy a segment of its market which is the Environmental-conscious group.Business Process Measure This tries to assess how well an organistion manages its operations. It includes measures such as Quality, cost etc. Using quality as an example, one could say it is necessary for both Benz and Honda to have it because consumers are willing to buy goods that are worth the value of their money. So if these organizations lack this requirement, very soon they would run out of business.Learning and Growth/Human Resource Measures This deals with how the employees are treated in the organisation. Some measures for this include employee retention, employee satisfaction, training etc. Mercedes is having problems with staff retention due to the recession. As a result, they are retrenching workers because they want to reduce the amount spent on wages. Honda on the other hand has made efforts in trying to make their staff a bit comfortable. Honda guaranteed a sum of 31.7billion for employee bank loan so that if any of its employees take a loan a falters, that sum would bail them out.C.1) paygrade OF THE commingleThe concepts in the mix might be argued to be essential to any given organisation. This could be because they each play very important roles in ensuring the operations of an organisation run smoothly.Capacity planning helps ensure they dont loose out on demand due to insufficient capacity. Inventory management ensures they have the right amount of stock at every given point in time. This is necessary because they do not want so much stored up away which could result in an increase in holding cost, and at the same time they want to be able to meet up with demand. Supply chain Design helps to ensure the suppliers do not serve as impediments to the organisation from meeting the ir competitive priorities. Total quality management and performance resources are in place to ensure that the goods and services being produced are of acceptable standard.Based on the functions of the various frameworks described above, it could be said that all the members of the mix are important to both Mercedes and Honda.C.2) IMPACT OF THE MIX ON COMPETITIVENESSIt could be argued that capacity planning, supply chain design and inventory management are necessary for competitiveness.Supply chain design is necessary because you need suppliers whose emphases are on-time delivery, consistent quality and low prices. This could help organizations meet competitive priorities such as low cost operation, consistent quality, delivery speed, on-time delivery, top quality. Having a good supply chain design would be necessary for Mercedes (MBUSI) because they practice a JIT system which is highly dependent on reliable suppliers in order for it to succeed.Capacity planning helps competitivenes s in that it ensures the organisation always has enough products to meet its demand. This is essential because if customers seldom get what they want from an organisation, they might loose confidence in them and thereby stop patronizing them. Capacity planning would be useful to both Mercedes and Honda because theres a need to meet up with the demand for their products in order to build confidence in their customers.Inventory management might also be necessary for competitiveness because for an organization which has low cost operation as its competitive priority, having too much goods in store might not be useful in helping them achieve this goal due to holding cost. Therefore such organisations need to monitor the amount of goods they have in stock at a particular point in time.C.3) IMPACT OF THE MIX ON INNOVATIONPerformance resources and Total Quality Management could impact innovation. One of the metrics in performance resources which has to do with new product/service developme nt could have an impact on innovation because its a benchmark that emphasizes product improvement. Also, the continuous improvement principle under TQM which states that organizations should try to deliver better goods and services on a constant basis could have an impact on its innovative skills.Mercedes and Honda use this mix. That is why it can be observed that each model of car they release is an improved version of the previous one.C.4) IMPACT OF THE MIX ON SUSTAINABILITYThe mix contains important principles which include capacity planning, inventory management, supply chain design, performance resources and Total quality management. If these principles are being applied to both Mercedes and Honda, these organizations would most likely remain in the market for quite a long period of time because the application of the mix gives an operational and competitive edge, and being able to compete in the market is necessary for survival.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONThis report has helped to h ighlight how important it is for organizations to manage their processes well by applying principles such as TQM, Capacity planning, inventory management etc because then, they will not only meet their competitive priorities, but they will be able to compete effectively against competitors in their target market.

Pompidou Centre Design Concepts

Pompidou Centre Design ConceptsThis canvas looks at the Pompidou Centre of Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano, in terms of how its fig john be understood as a product of its heathenish, social, political and stinting consideration, including a discussion of the influences and relationship between the philosophical ideas underpinning the movement and the dissolventing construction. The essay inaugural provides a brief overview of the Pompidou Centres history and the architecture of the Pompidou Centre and its extraneous spaces (recognising that the Pompidou Centre is more than simply the High Tech structure it is likewise composed of its plazas and external pedestrianised spaces). The essay then moves on to discuss the doctrine behind the Pompidou Centre, in terms of the intersection of the philosophy for the building and the resulting design for the building. The essay then discusses how the design of the Pompidou Centre can be understood as a product of its cultural, social, po litical and economic context, and ends with a brief conclusion.The Pompidou Centre was the result of an architecture competition aimed at producing an architectural and urban complex to mark our century (Bachman, 2003). Bachman (2003) identifies the Pompidou Centre as belonging to the high-tech style, due to its construction, namely its revealed structures, its break ducts and the sharp, inside out, industrial aesthetics of the entire structure. As Bachman (2003) argues, the process of revealing unremarkably internalised sections of such a structure led to the re-thinking of these sections, in terms of their workings, their usage and the ways in which they are organised and work in concert with each other. This led, implicitly, to a re-thinking of the idea of a cultural space and ideas about what a cultural space should be designd for, and who it should be used by (Thompson and Bell, 2007). The Pompidou Centre was invigorated in galore(postnominal) ways, non simply in its de sign, only besides in the ways in which the whole space was designed to be user-friendly, to attract a variety of different users to the space for fivefoldx purposes (Bachman, 2003). The structure, and its surroundings, were also entirely novel, with the building essentially being turned inside out, with long facades that could act as information surfaces and a plaza that was designed to act as a meeting point for the various visitors the Centre would attract.Casati (2007), interviewing Richard Rogers, discusses the idea of the Pompidou Centre stemming from the idea of uniting machinery with a cultural boil down, which essentially means the idea of containing the cultural aspects of the centre in an innovative way, to allow multiple users to use the space in many different ways. As Richard Rogers says in this interview, .we very quickly clear.a need not only for a museum but also for a wander for people in this area to do other things a place to go on Sunday morning with chi ldren, with dogs, with girlfriends, or to go to all manner of activities not specifically stated in the programme. It became something in which both culturally oriented people and the usual could participate. (Casati, 2007). On this understanding, then, it becomes clear that the multi-functionality of the space was a basic design archetype, a basic philosophy, for the design of the Centre, and, as Rogers says, I rush always dreamed of this piazza becoming the Parisian Hyde Park Corner (Casati, 2007).From this interview with Rogers, it becomes apparent, therefore, that the space rough, and including, the Pompidou Centre, should be a public space, drawing people in from the community and wider afield, not only for cultural even offts and happenings, but also to come together to enjoy the space, for itself, as a place to come together or to simply enjoy some alone time, enjoying the space created. Indeed, with the construction of the Pompidou Centre, Rogers and Piano managed to pe destrianise a large section of this part of Paris, ensuring that people could use the space more or less the building for precisely this objective, in order that there be a physical space where there would be no traffic, noise or danger, that would be suitable to pedestrian activities or to leisure activities. (Casati, 2007). As Rogers explains, The centre neededa surface of contact with the rest of the city. (Casati, 2007). This external space, the plazas surrounding the real(a) structure, were so fundamentally important to Rogers and Piano, as an integral part of their design, to achieve the vision they had of the Pompidou Centre as being a space for people to act with in the manner in which they wished to interact with it.As Rogers also notes in his interview with Casati, the word which most stood out on the brief was informationthat (the Pompidou Centre) should be a building for information, kitchen-gardening and entertainment. (Casati, 2007). move of the design of the bui lding conform to this brief, in terms of the long facades, for example, which allow information to be displayed. Parts of the overall design also conform to this overarching design ideal, in that the plazas and pedestrianised spaces surrounding the actual structure also became regenerated following the spread outing of the Pompidou Centre bookshops opened around the plazas, and informational and cultural events began to spring up in the plazas, from the wider city, in terms of impromptu circus events, markets and concerts, for example, all of which served the function of inviting a wider audience to the Pompidou Centre as a whole. Rogers and Pianos overarching philosophy for the design of their Pompidou Centre, the need to create a space for multiple activities, for multiple users, was therefore realised by their careful design of not only the structure they designed, but also via the structures surroundings. As Rogers states, in his interview with Casati, if nothing else, the bui lding will be a surface of contact with a non-specialised public, with the public at large. People know how to read it instantly. Its entrails are on the outside. (Casati, 2007).This idea of the structure being turned inside out was obviously, therefore, a major philosophical starting point for the design for Rogers and Piano who were concerned, as has been seen, with designing a space that could be used by many different types of users, for many purposes, not only for cultural events under this concept, therefore, it was important that the actual structure itself not be forbidding, not be off putting to all visitors that might pass by it. This idea, of opening up dialogue with culture, to people who may not normally declare been open to culture, or who may deplete thought that culture was not open to them, was facilitated by opening up the building, by turning it inside out, as a way of saying, Here I am, I am exposed, you can see what I am, I am not forbidding, I am open and, th rough and through this, taking the intimidation out of visiting a cultural space. The surrounding plazas and pedestrianised areas facilitate this open invitation to visit the spaces within the structure, inviting visitors in, enticing them to pass through the doors in to the Pompidou Centre itself.As Levy (2007) states, Rogers and Pianos design was chosen for its simplicity, a work of high-tech modernity, that would, through its steel, glass and stone work, open up a pedestrianised space in the heart of the city of Paris, allowing visitors from all walks of life, and all persuasions, to partake of its crack cocaineings how, and when, they wished to do so. The great success of the design of the external spaces, and the construction itself, is precisely that. Its simplicity allows people to feel comfortable within its spaces and to explore themselves in relation to their surroundings in a way that was extremely novel at that time in the history of architecture. The structure itself, a giant enveloped space, with its innards on show, is simple in the context that has been discussed, that it reveals itself to newcomers on first contact, and, through this, presents visitors and users with a simple task to feel welcome enough to approach, to enter and to use the space in the ways in which they wish to use the space. The greatness of the Pompidou Centre design is this simplification, this opening up of cultural spaces for the visitors, making the spaces a function of the visitors, and not vice versa. The guiding philosophy of this project was opening, welcoming, of providing spaces for information sharing and retrieval and for exchanges of all kinds, cultural and otherwise. In this sense, the Pompidou Centre is a resounding success, given the uses to which the spaces within the structure, the plazas and the pedestrianised areas are put, by many and varied visitors.As Proto (2005) argues, the great vision of Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano was to realise the need for an information centre, for a centre that would facilitate many different types of exchanges. As Proto states, ..the hyper-objectification of its form and the consequent transparency of its content ledto a new type of architectural fruition that in which the ideological sensing of the building exceeded the real possibilities suggested by its hyper-flexibility. (Proto, 2005). The Pompidou Centre not only invites, facilitates, different kinds of exchanges, and multiple exchanges, but also allows for self-empowerment through self-learning via these exchanges, such as inter-personal interactions, and interactions with culture and with ones surroundings, for example (Proto, 2005). In this sense, again, the Pompidou Centre was visionary in terms of creating a physical space designed to enable these interactions, these exchanges. As Stephen (2001) notes, Rogers and Renzos idea, and the realisation of this idea was also visionary in terms of the realisation that museums, cultural spaces, ha ve to serve a leisure function, in terms of benefiting the wider public through the provision of leisure opportunities (Stephen, 2001). The Pompidou Centre, through its many different spaces, designed for different ends, allows users to spend their leisure time in and around the Centre, very comfortably, something that, in 1977, when the Centre was designed and built, was forward-looking, to say the least.In terms of the Pompidou Centres design being understood as a product of its cultural, social, political and economic context, as has been seen, the building, and its surroundings, were very much intended to become a unified enabling space, through which visitors could interact with their surroundings in novel ways, initiating, directing and thus controlling their own experience whilst in the Pompidou Centre. The approach of visitors to the culture presented at the Pompidou Centre was this very different to how culture was, and is, presented at many other cultural centres and museu ms. Socially, as has been seen, the ethos of the Pompidou Centre was to bring together a wide variety of visitors, from many different backgrounds, and experiences, for many different purposes, from partaking in the cultural events on offer to enjoying the open spaces around the structure. Socially, therefore, the philosophy behind the design of the Pompidou Centre was to unite previously often socially disjunct visitors, through its welcoming, inside out, structure and through the offering of many different recreational spaces, in which visitors are free to choose, and direct, their own visitor experiences.The Pompidou Centre space attracts not only visitors one would normally associate with cultural attractions, but also visitors who would not normally visit museums and other such sites (Thompson and Bell, 2007) on this basis, then, the design, and its intentions, have been entirely successful, allowing for multiple visitors, undertaking multiple activities, within the umbrella of the Pompidou Centre spaces (both internal and external). Under this view, as Rogers argued (Casati, 2007), the Pompidou Centre does indeed act as a Parisian Hyde Park Corner, a place in which people can air their views, express their desires for their free time and enhance their lives through multiple exchanges. Politically and economically, the Pompidou Centre, has, as has been seen, led to a large amount of redevelopment and regeneration in the surrounding areas of Paris. The plazas and other external spaces have been filled with complimentary shops, stores and cultural/entertainment activities (circuses, for example), leading to a general regeneration of the area surrounding the centre.This essay has looked at the Pompidou Centre of Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano, in terms of how its design can be understood as a product of its cultural, social, political and economic context. This analysis included a discussion of the influences and relationship between the philosophical ideas underpinning the movement and the resulting building. As has been seen throughout the essay, the whole concept of Rogers and Piano was to use the entire space they had been given in order to create a variety of spaces in which multiple users could interact in multiple ways, with the spaces and with each other. Philosophically the main driving force behind the Pompidou Centre seems to have been to offer culture to the masses, to enable interaction with culture, in a novel way, in such a way that this offering would be embraced, by multiple users, in a myriad of different ways. This aim seems to have been achieved, and even surpassed, in terms of how visitors use the spaces within the Pompidou Centre and in terms of the sheer numbers of visitors to the Centre.Adapting the High Tech style to a cultural centre elicited novel design features, such as the use of the inside out design, which, in turn, enabled the philosophical aim of the Centre to be enacted the walls of the structure have everything on display, nothing is hidden, welcoming visitors through its honesty and openness. The design is the Centres genius, the key to the realisation of its governing philosophy. As has been seen, the sheer number of visitors, who use the Pompidou Centre and its external spaces in multiple ways, is the proof of the validity, and success, of the philosophical underpinning of the project. Not everyone likes the Pompidou Centre, and politically it has been greatly debated, but, as an architectural project, it wholly met its brief and has surpassed expectations in terms of user satisfaction.In conclusion, with the Pomipdou Centre, Rogers and Piano, who at the time were relatively unknown architects, showed how an unused section of a city can be regenerated, and opened up to a mass of users who previously would not have considered using a cultural centre. It is, through its High Tech design, as Proto (2005) argues, a successful exercise in showing how visitors can be enabled to di rect their own self-learning, through multiple, previously unexpected, and un-hoped for, exchanges. Rogers vision for the Pompidou Centre as a building for information, culture and entertainment (Casati, 2007) has been realised, and its aims and hopes surpassed in this sector of Paris.Bachman, L.R. (2002). Systematic Centre Pompidou. In Integrated Buildings The Systems Basis of Architecture. John Wiley. This extract is also available from Architecture Week, via Accessed sixth July 2008.Casati, C. (2007). The Parisian Hyde Park Corner. The Guardian Tuesday October 9th, 2007.Kron, J. and Slesin, S. (1997). High Tech The Industrial Style and Source Book for the Home.Levy, B-H. (2007). A monument of audacity and modernity. The Guardian Tuesday October 9th 2007.Proto, F. (2005). The Pompidou Centre or the hidden kernel of dematerialisation. The Journal of Architecture 10(5), 573-589.Stephen, A. (2001). The contemporary museum and leisure recreation as a museum function. Museum Managemen t and Curatorship 19(3), 297-308.Thompson, H. and Bell, J. (2007). The Pompidou Centre. The Guardian Tuesday October 9th 2007.

Emily Grierson? Need for Control in William Faulkners A Rose for Emil

Emily Griersons Need for Control in A Rose For Emily In William Faulkners A Rose For Emily, Emily Grierson is a woman who is used to being masteryled by her yield. When her father dies, she believes that she has control over him. Forced to lay her father to rest, Emily turns to her fathers equivalent Homer Barron. Emily soon finds that Homer does not plan on staying, so she decides to kill him. By killing Homer, Emily believes that she can keep him and control him forever. Emily Grierson wants to be in control just feels that she cannot tame the domineering men in her life, at least, not slice they are alive, so she gains control of them after their demise. One can clearly imagine the timid Emily standing behind her towering father. Miss Emily a lean figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip. Emilys father not only dominates the portrait barely dominates Emily as well. Emilys father contro ls her every move. She cannot date anyone unless her father approves, yet he never approves of any of the few men that do show interest in her. None of the young men were quite good enough for Miss Emily and such. Unable to find a good enough suitor, Emily has no choice but to stay and care for her governing father. When her Father dies, Emily cannot bury him because she feels like she has finally tamed him. Emilys father can no longer controll her. With his demise, Emily is now in control of her life, and in control of her father. The day after Emilys father died, the local women pay a visit to Emily. Miss Emily met them at the door, dressed as usual and with no trace of grief on her fac... ... to keep him with her forever. And that was the last we saw of Homer Barron. No one saw Homer alive again. Clearly, Emily was tired of men unequivocal her, and although she could not control them while they were alive, she did have complete control over them when they died. Thirty years after Homers disappearance and after Emilys demise, the villagers made a brainsick discovery they found the remains of Homer, proving that Emily found a way to keep him and control him. For a long while we just stood there, looking down at the profound and fleshless grin. Indeed, Emily kept her lover and controlled her lover for thirty years. Works Cited Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. The Norton Introduction to Literature. By Carl E. Bain, Jerome Beaty, and J. Paul Hunter. New York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1991 69-76.

Voltaires Candide as an Attack on Optimism Essay -- Candide essays

Voltaires Attack on Optimism in Candide Leibnitz emphasized, in his Discours de Metaphysique (Discourse on Metaphysics) (1686) the role of a benevolent creator. He called the constituent components of the universe monads, and while the ism of monads is of little concern to readers of Candide, the conclusion which Leibnitz drew from these monads is crucial to an understanding of optimism. Leibnitz argued that all of these monads were linked in a complex chain of cause and effect and that this linking had been do by a divine creator as he created the harmonious universe. Since he was benevolent, omnipotent, and omniscient, he logically would create the best of all possible worlds. Hence, everything that happens in the universe is part of this greater plan, and thus moldiness be for the best. Humans cannot appreciate how the evils encountered in every day life contribute to the best of universes and world(a) harmony, but they do, nonetheless. Optimism was attractive to many bec ause it answered a profound philosophical question that mankind had been grappling with since the beginning of faith if God is omnipotent and benevolent, then wherefore is there so much evil in the world? Optimism provides an easy way out of this philosophical dilemma God has made everything for the best, and even though one might experience personal misfortune, God (via your misfortune) is still helping the greater good. Voltaires experiences led him to dismiss the idea that this is the best of all possible worlds. Examining the last and destruction, both man-made and natural (including the Lisbon earthquake) Voltaire concluded that everything was not for the best. Bad things do ha... ...e respond, in closing, to his friend the Optimist? That is very well put, said Candide, but we must cultivate our garden (75). Works Cited and Consulted Bottiglia, William. Candides Garden. Voltaire A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Durant, Will, Ariel Durant. The Story of Civilization Part IX The Age of Voltaire. New York Simon and Schuster, 1965. Frautschi, R.L. Barrons alter Approach to Voltaire Candide. New York Barrons Educational Series, Inc., 1968. Lowers, James K, ed. Cliff Notes on Voltaires Candide. Lincoln Cliff Notes, Inc. 1995. Richter, Peyton. Voltaire. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1980. Voltaires Candide and the Critics. California Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., 1996. Voltaire. Candide. New York Viking Publishers, 1998.