Master and Margarita free essay sample

Though he may have shown a little bit more of one side than the other, and there are even a few events that will have you thinking to yourself about whether the act from Professor Woland was an act of evil or really a good act that may have just come off as evil at first. I still think that Professor Woland has many great examples of both good and evil that are shown throughout the book. In The Master and Margarita, by Mikail Bulgakov there are many different examples of good and evil. I think that an obvious example of good and evil throughout the whole novel is Professor Woland.Bulgakov makes it clearly known to the reader that Professor Woland is supposed to be the devil. The first example of Professor Woland being the devil is when he predicts the way that Berlioz will die. He says that Berlioz will get his head cut off by a train and a few more pages into the book, Berlioz actually does get his head cut off by a train. We will write a custom essay sample on Master and Margarita or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After this happens, Ivan is very confused and really starts to wonder about the man he knew as Professor Woland. There are still many more examples in the book that prove that make it very evident that the character, Professor Woland, is supposed to be the devil.It seems as if Professor Woland can control anything that he wants to but just chooses to do the wrong thing for the most part. This theme shown by Professor Woland will be shown very many times in this essay. There are some parts in the story where Professor Woland chooses to do the right thing with his powers to control what he wants. The main example that I can think of where Professor Woland uses his power, and it benefits someone besides himself is when he was able to recover the Master’s writing from its ashes after it had been burned by the Master.This benefitted the Master greatly because had Professor Woland not recovered the story from the ashes then the Master never would have been able to get it back and everything that he had already written would have been lost forever. This ends up being a very crucial part in the book. This example shows that there are sometimes where Professor Woland would use his power for good instead of evil. He could have just not helped the Master at all, and he would have just been left with a pile of ashes that used to be his story. Even though this did help Professor Woland, it still had a positive impact on the Master.Had Professor Woland always used his powers for good instead of evil, he would have been able to great things for people throughout the novel. Another example of how Professor Woland does evil in the novel is how he manipulates Likhodeyev so that Professor Woland can have seven performances of black magic at his theatre. Likhodeyev wakes up, and feels very hung over. Professor Woland is standing right there with a piece of paper that has Likhodeyev’s signature on it, stating that Professor Woland may do his performances at Likhodeyev’s theatre.Likhodeyev does not remember signing this at all. Even though he does not remember, he still feels like he must let him do the performances because his signature is on the contract. This is a great example of Professor Woland doing evil because he has manipulated LIkhodeyev. He has definitely not used his power for good in this example. So far throughout my essay, it seems as if most of what Professor Woland does in the book is evil, but there are still some more parts where he uses his power to help out other people.There is an event in the novel where Professor Woland shows both good and evil qualities. This event is Satan’s ball. The ball is full of famous and evil people and Margarita is the hostess. So far this seems like Professor Woland has not done anything wrong yet. The end of the ball is where he does his evil. The ball is where the murder of Baron Maigel takes place. Obviously this is a very evil thing to do because he has taken the life of another person. In my opinion, causing death to someone else is the ultimate evil that one can do.Even though this is a very evil thing to do, Professor Woland still ended up having a good act that helps someone besides himself. The good that Professor Woland does in this event is when he lets Margarita have one wish because she was the hostess of the ball. Her wish is to be with the Master and soon after she makes her wish, Professor Woland makes sure that the Master is right there with her. I think that this is a good thing that Professor Woland did because he got to give Margarita something that she wanted and something that would make her happier.Things like this are what I think Professor Woland should always be using his powers for. Professor Woland also gives everyone their lives back that they wanted, if they wanted to be switched back. Everyone did except for Natasha. This is another good deed that Professor Woland did because he is using his powers to give people what they would like and making them happier. The fact that he did not have to do this but did any way, makes it a good thing that Professor Woland did. One of the main topics from the novel that poses a great example of the theme â€Å"Good Vs.Evil†, is where Professor Woland tries to convey to people that there really is a God and Devil. Many people in the book do not believe in God or the Devil and Professor Woland wants everyone to believe in both of them. I think that this example could be interpreted as both good and/or evil, depending on how you look at it. A good thing about it is that he wants people to believe in God. I guess I am a little bit biased because I am a firm believer that both God and the Devil really do exist. The evil that I see in this is the way that he goes about doing this.In order for Professor Woland to get people to believe him he sometimes has to take the life of other people. I definitely do think that it is a good thing that he wants people to believe in both of them but I do not believe that it is important enough to kill someone over it. The Master could believe that this is a completely good thing because Professor Woland is backing up the Master. Berlioz says that the Master describes God as being too real in his story and this is where Professor Woland comes in and begins to talk about how real God and the Devil really are.As shown in this essay, there are many signs of both good and evil in The Master and Margarita, by Mikail Bulgakov. While there are very clear examples of good and very clear examples of evil, there are still some that are just for the reader to interpret. There were probably a few different characters that I could have used to show the good and evil in the story but I felt that Professor Woland was a perfect character to use to convey the theme, â€Å"Good Vs. Evil†. I felt that Professor Woland fit the criteria for good and evil perfectly.He was the source of much of the good and evil that was shown throughout the book. As for the argument of â€Å"Good Vs. Evil† though, I believe that evil was shown more in this novel. Yes, there were some clear signs of good but it just seemed to me that there was much more evil shown in the book. For the most part, it kind of seemed like the evil usually over took the good. What I mean by this, is if there were something good that Professor Woland did, he usually would have something evil done to someone in the near future.Most of the time, his evil act that followed the good act would be much more severe than the good act that he had just done. Not only was Woland evil in the novel but many of the other characters did some things that definitely had a little bit of evil in them. Had I used every example of good and evil from the novel, the list would have gone on, and on, and on. So, just sticking with Professor Woland in this Essay seemed to have worked out pretty well.

Redemption Through Suffering in Crime and Punishment

Redemption Through Suffering in Crime and Punishment Free Online Research Papers In Dostoevsky’s Note Form Underground, the underground man states that Free will means having the freedom to make choices that may damage the individual and cause suffering, but suffering is the sole cause of consciousness (Lantz 74). The Dostoevskian Character, if he achieves salvation at all, always does so by working through his crime to the repentance which lies beyond it. He never achieves salvation first and avoids committing the crime. Specific individual crime and therefore specific individual suffering is an unavoidable step toward salvation (Cox 36) . In Dostoevesky’s novel Crime and Punishment Raskolnikov is no exception to the Dostoevskian character. He too only finds salvation after committing his individual crime by working through his spiritual suffering, which leads to confession and ultimately his salvation through the acceptance of his guilt. It is by the grace of Porifry’s timing and through Sonia’s sharing of his burden and unconditional love that Raskolnikov is redeemed both intellectually and emotionally and finally, â€Å"life steps back into the place of theory†. In trying to understand Raskolnikovs erratic behavior and revolt against God in Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment, one can look to his name for a clue. Raskolnikov comes from the Russian root Raskol translated â€Å"Schism† or â€Å"Split†. Many critics believe Dostoevsky names his characters very purposefully to give insight to the reader and Raskolnikov is no exception. Dualism is the key to understanding Raskolnikov’s character, a young man searching to define himself. He experiences an emotional-intellectual split in his person (Bloom 66). His genuine feelings of compassion for the impoverished and troubled citizens of St. Petersburg oppose his â€Å"Napoleonic† theory, intellectual arrogance and contempt for those same suffering citizens. He often takes steps to alleviate those who are suffering, and afterwards feels disgust with himself for betraying his own intellectual principles. Before Raskolnikov commits the murder of an old pawnbroker he again faces this emotional-intellectual conflict. Although he believes that one is able to â€Å"step over a corpse or wade through blood†¦ for the sake of his idea†, he is horrified at the thought of what he plans to do (Dostoevsky 261). He holds to a theory that anything is permissible for the extraordinary man who dares to make his own laws and the rest of society is made up of inferior, ordinary men who Raskolnikov says â€Å"serve only to reproduce†¦ men who have a gift to utter a new word† (Dostoevsky 261). The murder of an old pawnbroker is therefore a test to rid himself of his inner conflict and determine if he is a great man who stands above the miserable masses or if he is in fact one of them. He tells Sonia, â€Å"Listen: When I went to the old woman’s that time I only went to test myself† (Dostoevsky 410). Directly after he commits the murder, Raskolnilov again faces his inner conflict. His heart gives him a desire to confess his crime because he is burdened with enormous guilt, despite his utilitarian reasoning that led him to commit the murder. While he is still in the old woman’s room he wishes to give himself up, â€Å"not from fear, but from simple horror and loathing of what he had done† (Dostoevsky 83). Raskolnikov continues to faces great spiritual suffering throughout the majority of the book. At first his reason seems to fail him. For a moment he even believes that all his clothes are covered with blood and that he could not see it because his reason was clouded (Dostoevsky 93). The next minute he develops a fever and falls into a deep sleep for two days. When he awakes, he goes on a walk to discard of any blood stained evidence but for some reason is drawn to the pawnbrokers home, wishing to â€Å"fall on his knees, and confess everything†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dostoevsky 97). Throughout the novel Raskolnikov is conscious of his inner turmoil but chooses to keep his intellectual life split off from the rest of his being. Not only is it split, his intellectual life is overextended to the point that it eclipses the natural desire of his heart to confess, causing great spiritual suffering (Leone 62). Dostoevsky writes: â€Å"that eclipse of reason and failure of will power attacked a man like a disease† (Leone 74). The spiritual suffering that Raskolnikov continues to face eventually purifies and redeems his mind because this suffering humbles him. This leads Raskolnikov to finally submit to the voice of his conscience and so diminish his intellectual arrogance that tried to place itself beyond the moral law (Lantz 422). Porfiry, the detective investigating the murder, is Raskolnikov’s intellectual redeemer because he provokes Raskolnikov to question his theory of extraordinary men. Porfiry holds a great diologue with Raskolnikov where he continually questions every aspect of an article Raskolikov has written and published on his Napoleon theory (Dostoevsky 261). He also explains to Raskolnikov that suffering for a crime is the only means to redemption. He explains, â€Å"suffering, Rodion Romanovich, is a great thing†¦ there is an idea in suffering† (Dostoevsky 348). Not only does Porfiry challenge Raskolnikov’s theory, he also gives him time for his spiritual suffering to lead him to confession and ultimately salvation. If Porfiry were to have arrested Raskolnikov immediately, it would have ruined Raskolnikov’s intellectual redemption through suffering and self-realization. Because of the grace of Porfiry’s timing, Raskolnikov confessed and therefore came to the realization of the error of his â€Å"Napoleon† theory. Raskolnikov attempts to explain, rationalize and justify his crime to Sonia, a prostitute who he has fallen in love with but can not understand why. He rejects each attempt as soon as he offers it. As he attempts to explain his theory, he realizes how incomplete it was. This realization is seen in the fact that as soon as he offers a reason, he then rejects it with the words: â€Å"No, No, that wasn’t it† (Dostoevsky 412). It would have been of no advantage to arrest Raskolnikov unless it was for simple punishment, before he acknowledged the error of his own ways. In this case, salvation would have been impossible because Raskolnikov would never have accepted his own guilt (Terras 71). Awareness of one’s own guilt means that external punishment can finally be accepted as a means of expiation. Therefore when Raskolnikov becomes ware of the error of his theory, he goes to see Sonia in preparation for his later confession. Dostoevsky’s theory that â€Å"suffering leads to salvation† and that through suffering man’s sins are purified are now brought into the foreground (Lantz 422). Raskolnikov is ready to confess and accept his punishment but he fears that the burden will be too heavy for him to bear alone. He goes to Sonia to ask if she will follow him to exile in Siberia and share his burden. He says to her, â€Å"Because I couldn’t bear my burden I have come to throw it on another† (Dostoevsky 411). Sonia readily accepts Raskolnikov’s burden because of her unconditional love and compassion for him. When he tells her of the murder she kisses and hugs him and tells him â€Å"I will follow you, I will follow you everywhere†¦ Together, together! I will follow you to Siberia† (Dostoevsky 407). Earlier in the novel, Porfiry Petrovitch had asked Raskolnikov if he believed in the raising of Lazarus from the dead. Now, Raskonikov asks Sonya to read him that same story. Therefore, Dostoevsky’s two redemptive figures, Porfiry and Sonya, are connected through the same biblical story. Raskolnikov, like Lazarus, died one type of death, isolation from society and great spiritual torment, as a result of the crime. Through Christ, Lazarus was raised from the dead; now through Sonya help, Raskolnikov hopes to be regenerated to life. Therefore, both stories are of people who were separated from the living and through some incredible miracle were restored to the living. The story is one of suffering, of great suffering that was alleviated by the miracle of restoring life. Therefore, if Sonya can restore Raskolnikov to life, his suffering will be alleviated (Leone 80). In asking Sonya to join him, he breaks out of his isolation, or death, caused by the crime. Sonya’s advice to Raskolnikov is to suffer and expiate his sin, â€Å"to go at once, this very minute, stand at the cross-roads† and confess, because confession of sin is the beginning of redemption (Dostoevsky 415). She wishes for him to accept suffering and achieve atonement through it. She gives him her cross and tells him to put it on when he has gone to meet his suffering and confessed to Porfiry. She then tells him to come to her, She will put on a cross and they will pray together, a symbol of her taking up his cross, his burden, and sharing in his suffering. Because of the suffering he accepted, Raskolnikov no longer faces an intellectual-emotional split, or tries to oppress his emotions with ration. A crime can serve as the catalyst toward provoking suffering and eventually leading to rebirth and this is what happened for Raskolnikov. He needed to suffer in order to be regenerated. On the last page of the epilogue, Dostoevsky writes that Raskolnikov could â€Å"not have analyzed anything consciously; he was simply feeling. Life had stepped into the place of theory and something quite different would work itself out in his mind†. Suffering is a kind of purgatory that can cleanse the soul. Dostoevsky wrote in his 1873 Writer’s Diary that â€Å"the principal and most basic spiritual need for people is the need for suffering† (Lantz 423). Work Cited Bloom, Harold Edt. Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment Bloom’s Notes. Chelsea House Publishers: USA, 1996. Cox, Gary. Tyrant and Victim in Dostoevsky. Slavic Publishers: Columbus, OH, 1984. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Bantam Books: New York, 2003. Leone, Bruno Edt. Readings on Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Greenhaven Press: San Diego, 1998. Terras, Victor. Reading Dostoevsky. The University of Wisconsin Press: Madison, Wisconsin,1998. Lantz, Kenneth. The Dostoevsky Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press: London, 2004. Research Papers on Redemption Through Suffering in Crime and PunishmentCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresQuebec and CanadaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThree Concepts of PsychodynamicMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees

Acid Rain Essay Example for Free (#3)

Acid Rain Essay Essay Topic: Acid rain , SO2 Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? Acid Rain is rain, snow or fog that is polluted by acid in the atmosphere and damages the environment. When fossil fuels are burned they release mostly CO2, but they also release two harmful gases, sulphur dioxide and various nitrogen oxides. The sulphur dioxide, SO2, comes from the sulphur impurities in the fossil fuels. However, the nitrogen oxides are created from a reaction between the nitrogen and the oxygen in the air, caused by the heat of the burning. When these gases mix with clouds they form dilute sulphuric acid and dilute nitric acid. Cars and power stations are the main causes of Acid Rain. Acid Rain has effects on plants, soil and even buildings. The acid reacts with the limestone and then the limestone begins to erode. From previous knowledge, I know that limestone has the chemical formula CaCO3. Limestone, chalk and marble are all calcium carbonate. When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate (such as calcium carbonate) the fizzing shows that a gas is produced. That gas is carbon dioxide, CO2. Adding hydrochloric acid to a rock sample is one of the tests for a carbonate rock, like marble, chalk or limestone. It is also why these rocks are greatly affected by acid rain. The word equation is for this reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is: Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid –> calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water The chemical formulae for this reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is: CaCO? + 2HCL –> CaCL2 + CO2 + H2O The rate of reaction can be calculated by measuring amount of Carbon dioxide gas that is obtained by the syringe. There were various types of apparatus which I included: Goggles Syringe Stop clock Measuring cylinder Spatula Hydrochloric Acid Marble-Powder and Chip Boiling tube Bung Preliminary experiment. Before actually beginning my investigation, I will firstly carry out a preliminary investigation. This will help me to see the improvements that I can make after the experiment. I will be able to see possible downfalls and failures in my method, work out appropriate quantities of chemicals to use and generally improve the quality of the final experiment. Below is the set up apparatus that I will use for the preliminary experiment and the actual experiment: The preliminary experiment is performed so that I can predict the volume of acid, the mass of the chip and powder and the length of time that I will be timing for. 1. Firstly, I set up the apparatus. 2. I will specify a curtain mass of marble using a balance and I will place it into the boiling tube. 3. Then, I will measure a quantity of acid and quickly add it to the boiling tube whilst after quickly placing the bung onto the top of the tube. 4. I will record the amount of CO2 gas which is given off, every curtain amount of time. This will produce a rate of reaction. For many experiments the rate of reaction can be changed by altering curtain variables. For this reaction there is no catalyst, therefore we cannot alter this variable. However there are three main variables that could be changed: Temperature of the acid – this would be varied by starting off with the acid at room temperature (around 24i C) and then using acid with temperatures of 30i C, 40i C and 50i C. Concentration of the acid – the concentration would be varied three times, using hydrochloric acid with concentrations of 0. 5M, 1M and 2M. Surface area of the calcium carbonate – the surface area would be varied by using different sizes of calcium carbonate. I will predict that the 2m acid and the powder will be the fastest reaction as the acid is more compact with acid particles in the same volume of water. This helps more successful collisions take place between the particles. The more collisions there are the increased rate of reaction. I found out that I should use 1 gram of mass for the chip and powder marble and 30cmi of acid. This is because the reaction is not too fast or slow. I can get an acceptable number of results recorded. I will be using three different concentrations of acid, 0. 5m, 1m and 2m. (m=molar) The time I will be using will be starting at when the syringe starts to move up to 180 seconds. I will be keeping the amount of acid the same and the mass of the marble so that I conduct a fair test. The temperature was kept at 24i C-25i C. Results 0. 5m with chip 0. 5m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 2 20 4 30 5 40 6 50 7 60 8 70 9 80 16 90 17 100 18 110 20 120 21 130 22 140 24 150 25 160 26 170 27 180 31 Volume of acid = 30cmi Volume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 14 20 17 30 19 40 20 50 22 60 23 70 23 80 25 90 29 100 34 110 35 120 37 130 38 140 38 150 38 160 39 170 40 180 40 1 m with chip 1 m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g Volume of acid = 30cmi Volume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 21 20 30 30 36 40 38 50 39 60 31 70 42 80 43 90 43 10 44 110 44 120 44 130 44 140 44 150 44 160 44 170 44 180 44 Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 4 20 5 30 6 40 9 50 12 60 15 70 18 80 21 90 24 10 27 110 31 120 34 130 37 140 40 150 44 160 47 170 50 180 52. 2 m with chip 2 m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g Volume of acid = 30cmi Volume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 5 20 9 30 13 40 16 50 22 60 26 70 33 80 36 90 46 10 46 110 46 120 51 130 54 140 57 150 57 160 57 170 57 180 57 Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 0-60 20 † 30 † 40 † 50 † 60 † 70 † 80 † 90 † 10 † 110 † 120 † 130 † 140 † 150 † 160 † 170 † 180 † Conclusion. After completing my experiment my results show me that as the concentration of the acid is increased, the reaction takes place faster and more gas is produced in a shorter space of time. Due to this I found that the 2M hydrochloric acid (the strongest concentration of acid I used) produced the most gas in the shortest time. The 0. 5M hydrochloric acid (the weakest concentration of acid I used) produced the least amount of gas in the longest time period. I can clearly see from the graph that the 2M hydrochloric acid gave the fastest reaction and produced the most gas in the shortest space of time, because the gradient of the curve is the steepest and goes far higher than the other curves showing that a larger amount of gas was produced because the ‘gas produced’ axis is the ‘y’ axis. The fact that the 2M acid had the steepest curve shows that the reaction was fastest because a large amount of gas was produced (high on the y axis) and in a short space of time (short on the x axis). This will give a steep gradient on the graph. The 0. 5M hydrochloric acid gave almost the opposite curve when the results were placed on a graph. Not much gas was produced in a long space of time and so the slope was very gentle and low on the graph. The 2M hydrochloric acid produced the most gas in the shortest amount of time and was generally a quicker reaction due to its significant difference in particle arrangement compared to the 0.5M and 1M hydrochloric acid. The more concentrated 2M hydrochloric acid has more acid particles in the same volume compared to the 1M and 0. 5M acid. This means there are more available acid particles to react with the calcium carbonate. The reaction will be quicker when using the 2M acid because there are more particles available to react with. The calcium carbonate particles can react with more acid particles quickly as they are easily accessible, whereas in the 0. 5M acid, there are few acid particles in a volume and so some calcium carbonate particles will have no acid particles to react with, causing the reaction to be slow and uneventful. All reactions will only occur if there is enough energy to make it happen. This minimum energy is known as activation energy. Activation energy is the minimum energy for which two reacting particles must collide for a reaction to take place. When particles collide they slow down, stop, and then fly apart again. This will occur regardless of whether they have enough energy to react. In an unsuccessful collision the particles separate unchanged, but in an effective collision the activation energy barrier is crossed and the particles that separate are chemically different from those that came together. I think my results are definitely sufficient to support my prediction. They equal everything I predicted and I am very pleased at how well they turned out. Evaluation I think that the experiment went very well. All my results matched my prediction and everything went ‘according to plan’. The gas produced by each acid had a steady increase however; there were a few rogue points. Overall I achieved what I set out to do. I would have liked more time on the experiment to make sure everything was perfect, though. Due to the short time limit we were quite rushed in completing the experiment. There were a few aspects of the experiment that could have been improved to make the experiment even more accurate. For a start the experiment was undertaken over a few days. Each day had a different temperature and so this would have affected the results. If one day had been hotter than the others the heat would have influenced one reaction to take place faster. Also due to the fact that the experiment lasted a few days, different equipment was being used each day. Some gas syringes were slightly stiffer than others and so wouldn’t move out as fast. If on one day you had a very stiff gas syringe that wouldn’t move very easily and on another day you had a very loose gas syringe, then the results would be very different as the loose gas syringe would give results that say that the reaction happened very fast and the stiff gas syringe would give results that say the reaction was slow. To prevent this from happening the experiment should have been undertaken and finished on the same day, using exactly the same equipment as you started with for each acid. The initial part of the reaction when the acid first reacts with the calcium carbonate is very fast. A lot of gas is produced at the beginning of the reaction. However the way the apparatus are set up means that when you pour the acid onto the calcium carbonate, there are a few seconds when the gas is able to escape before the gas syringe is connected to the test tube. To avoid this from happening a test tube containing the calcium carbonate should be placed inside a beaker containing the hydrochloric acid. They must not be touching, as the reaction would then start. Then the gas syringe will be connected to the beaker. When the reaction is ready to start, the beaker is knocked so that the test tube falls over, consequently causing the reaction to take place as the acid and carbonate would mix. Then when the initial gas is produced it will all be ‘caught’ as the gas syringe is already in place. The surface area of the calcium carbonate should also have been kept equal. The same number of equally weighted chips should have been used. E. g. all 1g chips. This way the reaction is fair and accurate, as a large surface area will cause the reaction to take place faster. Keeping all the surface areas the same would have kept the experiment fair. However to do this would have taken a long time and we only had a limited amount of time. Another way of keeping the temperature the same would have been to do the experiment in a water bath. This would have allowed us to do the experiment over a few days as well. Acid Rain. (2017, Aug 09).

Social Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Science - Essay Example And because the economic effects differ for different regions, so do fertility and mortality rates. For developed countries, mortality rates are lower and life expectancy is higher and vice versa for the developing countries. But in any case, the global population is increasing at a high acceleration rate. The United States, under the burden of providing for a rapidly-aging, non productive elderly population, also has to deal with high rates of immigrants. The standard life cycle model yields a straightforward prediction that as a large chunk of the population comprises of aging people, national savings fall. As a result to this, investment suffers negative blows in the long run. With overseas population settling in the United States, withdrawals from the economy are promised. However, with the increase in the number of immigrants settling in the Unites States, there is also likely to be an increase in the investments in the short-run and an increased work force. It also makes the Un ited States a multi-cultural society, its population comprising of people from different races and nations. While the United States stands with certain challenges at hand with the growing, diverse population, it is justified to say that they will be able to cope with the current and projected demographic changes if policymakers accelerate their efforts to address these problems.

Team Creation Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team Creation - Research Paper Example The first step towards choosing people for a project is to consider their professional skills (Cummings & Worley, 2014). While one may pick people because of their technical talents, one does not necessarily require persons with the highest competence, but rather just the right people for the task. The good team members should be reliable, trustworthy, available, flexible, and those who can abide by the rules. An assignment breakdown sheet will assist a team manager to assign the right people to the right tasks. It can be achieved alongside a master plan on a work breakdown structure that includes all tasks arranged in a hierarchical diagram (Cummings & Worley, 2014). To start selecting a team, a project manager will have to assess the skills of all potential team members. A manager needs to establish how experienced a team member must be and how much experience they need to possess for them to fill a particular role. The first team-building strategy is to select a competent team leader and members. Once the selection process is over, the team must set goals. A majority of teams fail in particular because they lack goals; they want to accomplish something, but they lack specific goals (Kerzner, 2013). Secondly, a team must emphasize on communication because it is necessary for effective team-building. It is essential to communicate in every way: phone, in person, email, and through the web.   An effective leader knows when fast intervention is needed to solve a problem. Proper solving-making strategy can go a long way to helping a team to accomplish its tasks (Kerzner, 2013). A group leader must recognize the good work done by members. Every individual needs recognition in whatever they do. It is important for a leader to be conscious of cultural needs and concerns of every member.   All members of the team must be incorporated from their cultural point of view.   Conflict is any condition where there are

Influence of Tv Violence to the Behavior Essay Example for Free

Influence of Tv Violence to the Behavior Essay Thus, the influence of TV violence to the children particularly in the Cebu can cause negative changes in their behavior. An experiment shows that children when exposed to televised violence, exhibited the aggressive behavior they have observed – hitting, kicking and using hostile language. Prior to that time, the prevailing theory was that televised violence drained aggressive impulses. This is also the reason why television has become a growing source of parental anxiety where parents worry about the amount and kinds of program their children watch. This study aims to talk about TV violence and its effects on the behavior of the children and the ways to handle it. In order to achieve this goal, this paper is organized into three sections. The first section helps us know about the children’s understanding of television. The second section discusses the influence and effects of TV violence to the behavior of Filipino children which is the main concern of this study. And the third section offers suggestions in handling and regulating TV violence. Chapter II Presentation of Data Children’s Understanding of TV According to research, before age seven, children have difficulty integrating separate scenes into a continuous story line. Instead, they treat each scene as an isolated incident and are unable to relate a TV characters behavior to its prior motives and eventual consequences. Thus, young children cannot see the connection between violence and its consequences if the perpetrator of violence gets to be punished only at the end of the program. Studies show that young children recall little information that is central to the plot of a story. Their difficulty ranges from their inability to differentiate what is essential to the plot and what is nonessential. Character actions, especially those showing physical actions and confrontations, are remembered better than scenes offering explanations for their actions. Children find it hard to recall scenes recounting inner feelings that explain previous events. Young children also have a hard time distinguishing make-believe from reality. A five-year-old child wondered why an actor who died in one TV program came back to life in another show; and if Superman can fly, why cant he (the child) even if he wears a Superman cape. Children observe that cartoon characters manage to recover from severe violent acts almost immediately. This kind of exposure could lead them to interpret that in real life, people who are victims of violent acts do not really get hurt at all. A conversation between an author and a six-year-old clearly illustrates the kind of message a child gets from a cartoon program: Why is GI Joe your favorite show? Because it has a lot of fighting. Who would you like to be like when you grow up? I want to be like Rambo because he has a big gun. What happens to the bad guys you shoot? They die. And what happens to you? Nothing. Young children who watch a lot of television tend to believe that it is all right to hit someone if one is angry and have a good reason. (Source: http://www. childprotection. org. ph) Influence and Effects of TV Violence Upon meeting Snow White at Disneyland, a preschooler said to her, Youre not Snow White, you know. Why do you say that? asked Snow White. Well, th e child replied, if you were real, youd be a cartoon. And this is how powerful the media is in shaping childrens images of reality. (http://www. stanford. edu/dept/bingschool/research_dsl_1999bandura. html) The Influence of TV Violence to Children’s Behavior; 4 Child psychologists point out that it is a misconception to consider cartoons as harmless just because they are funny. The theme of cartoons such as Popeye is that any problem can be solved by brute force which one acquires by eating spinach. In being funny and fast paced, cartoons may tend to reduce a childs perception of danger, pain, and suffering. TV violence can produce at least four effects. First, it teaches aggressive styles of conduct. Second, it weakens restraints against aggression by glamorizing violence. When good triumphs over evil violently, viewers are even more strongly influenced. Third, it habituates and desensitizes reactions to cruelty. And finally, it shapes our images of reality; for example, only 10% of major crimes in society are violent, but on TV, 77% of major crimes are violent, which has the effect of making people more fearful of becoming crime victims. Psychologist have speculated that watching televised violence might be emotionally arousing, making it more likely that viewers will react violently to frustrations in the environment. Televised violence might also provide models that viewers imitate, particularly if the violence is carried out by attractive, powerful models (Bernstein, et al, 284). The Social Learning Theory considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. The ten-year old boy, Sergio Pelico who died after watching Saddam’s execution in TV must have imitated it. (Lucas, et al, 103) This theory together with other theories was used to explain a great many social problems such as crime, suicide, divorce and alcoholism. Furthermore, there are some people who could easily be influenced by propaganda and they would through themselves into new mass organizations in an effort to find some sense of belongingness. Stark, 21) The mass media especially the television, also contributes heavily to adolescent nonconformity in three ways. First, they stereotype all adolescents whose grooming and clothing do not reflect approved adult standards as nonconformists and attribute the behavior characteristic of nonconformity to them. If society labels its adolescents as â€Å"teen-agers† and expe cts them to be rebellious, unpredictable, sloppy, and wild in their behavior, and if the picture is repeatedly reinforced by the mass media such cultural expectations may very well force adolescents into the role of rebel. The mass media contribute to adolescent nonconformity by making real life appear unsatisfying and dull. (Hurlock, 124) A survey was conducted concerning the influence and effects of TV violence to the behavior of the children in Cebu City. The survey aims to know how children are linked to television and how it affects them and their parents. The results of the survey are shown on the next pages. . Survey results The percentage of the parents’ answers based on the following questions: Question # 1: Does your child love to watch suspense movies that involve killing? Question # 2: Does your child watch television for more than 8 hours? The Influence of TV Violence to Children’s Behavior; 7 Question # 3: Are you worried about the kinds of television program that they watch? Question #4: Have you noticed any negative changes in your child’s behavior after watching television? The Influence of TV Violence to Children’s Behavior; 8 Question #5: Does your child spend more time watching television than other necessary things like studying? Question # 6: Do they pay more attention to the television than to you? The Influence of TV Violence to Children’s Behavior; 9 The survey shows that most children pay more attention to the television than to their parents. A mother even commented, â€Å"Maayo pa sauna nga wala pay TV kay ang mga bata buotan† (It was better before the television came because children are still kind and obedient). Most children that are 8-12 years old spend more time in front the TV than doing other necessary things like studying. And what’s the bad thing is that if children are used to watching television, they will be exposed to violence that might influence their behavior. Although not all children are watching television for more than 8 hours, the effects of television are still prone to children. Some parents even admitted that they have observed some negative changes in their child’s behavior after watching a television show that has some bad scenes in it since children tend to imitate the things they have seen from the show without knowing that it might be wrong. Several scholars have pointed out that as media content has increased in violence in the past few decades, violent crimes among youth have declined rapidly. Although most scholars caution that this decline cannot be attributed to a causal effect, they conclude that this observation argues against causal harmful effects for media violence. Regulating TV Violence Parents worry about the kinds of television programs that their children watch. The urgency and seriousness of this issue on media violence has reached global proportions. A worldwide concern has prompted parents, educators, advocacy groups, and mental health professionals to launch protest activities and public discussions on how children can be protected against harmful media influences. Influence of TV Violence to Children’s Behavior; 10 A number of bills were filed to mitigate the negative effects of televised violence. House Bill 19183 proposes a ratings system for TV programs. House Bill 10183 provides that cartoons featuring violence and unethical conduct should be aired only during times when young children are not usually watching. The Kapisanan ng Mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas has its code and internal guidelines. Relevant sections pertaining to responsibility towards children are: Childrens programs shall not present violence, whether physical or psychological, as a means to resolve conflicts and problems. Childrens programs shall not emphasize perverted sex and undue violence. Penalties have been stipulated for violations of these rules. These include fines ranging from P5, 000 to P15, 000, suspension of KBP privileges, expulsion from KBP membership, to recommendation to the National Telecommunications Commission for suspension of station lease for the fourth offense. Consequently, The Department of Education are monitoring television channels through a project aimed at reducing violent content that might be watched by children. The campaign involves TV shows between 6 a. m. and 10 a. m. , which the DepEd claims to be the period where more children watch TV. Their goal is to have stations comply by reducing violent or vulgar shows by as much as 20 percent. The campaign also encourages parents and concerned citizens to send reports or file complaints to NCCT regarding TV shows that may be harmful for children. Influence of TV Violence to Children’s Behavior; 11 Television is not merely bad since it is used as a means of communication and as a means of educating but what makes it wrong is the way people abuse its use and the way some of them used television to expose violent actions without even thinking how it could affect the viewers. The effects of TV violence are no doubt harmful especially to children. These may cause negative changes in their behavior one of which is being aggressive. That is why children should be guided by their parents or guardians so that will not be influenced by the words they hear and the things they see. When viewing together, they can discuss how the conflict could have been solved without the violence. They should explain to the child how violence in entertainment is faked and not real. Such interventions, whether at the personal or family level can moderate the impact of violent scenes on children. Adult explanation improves childrens understanding of plots, characters, and events. Co-viewing with children can provide occasions for parents to discuss values, beliefs, and moral issues. Parents should also set clear guidelines on the time and length of television viewing. Perhaps the most effective approach in dealing with this problem of television violence should be systemic and multilevelchanges must take place at the home, school, and industry levels. Though researches have all pointed to the association between televised violence and aggression in children, what a child learns from television may be a product of the broader relationship among medium, child, and parent Thus, active, responsible parental involvement in the childs television viewing does make a great difference. Influence of TV Violence to Children’s Behavior; 12 Chapter III Conclusion Television has become a potent agency of socialization because like the family, school, and peers, it directly provides the child with experiences which shape their attitudes and influence their behaviors. Children that are exposed to TV violence can experience negative changes in their behavior. First, it can teach aggressive styles of conduct. Second, it weakens restraints against aggression by glamorizing violence. Third, it habituates and desensitizes reactions to cruelty. And finally, it shapes our images of reality. In order to handle this, a number of bills were filed to mitigate the negative effects of televised violence. Parents can also encourage their children to find pleasure in other mass media, such as books and newspapers. Perhaps the most appropriate solution in dealing with this must take place at home, school and industry. Thus, active, responsible parental guidance is very necessary. The power to initiate change for the prevention of the harmful effects of TV violence should come from the market not a market that passively laps up unhealthy and disturbing programs that assault young, sensitive minds, but a market that is critical, enlightened, and imbued with a strong resolve to protect childrens well-being and right to wholesome entertainment. Influence of TV Violence to Children’s Behavior; 13 Chapter 1V Bibliography Books Lucas, Maria Rita and Corpuz, Brenda. Facilitating Learning: A Metacognitive Process. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc. , 2007. Stark, Rodney.

The Cold War :: American America History

The Cold War A war that has created controversy amongst two of the greatest world leaders, United States of America and The Soviet Union, is known as The Cold War. A dispute between once allied countries arose in the Post-WWII era. The United States and the Allied Powers faced many challenges at the end of WWII. America's policy was one that contained the spread of communism in Eastern Europe. Russia, under Lenin's rule called for a world revolution and brought the United States into it. It was not until after WWII, that the cold war really began, when the political power of the world shifted from the center of Europe to Moscow and Washington. The Cold War began after the collapse of Germany in May 1945(http://www.coldwar.org/indexrus.html). The creation of the cold war came from the disagreements for postwar Europe and the Far East. Each superpower, the United States, Britain, France and Russia had their own idea of how postwar Europe should look, and many of their ideas clashed. The Cold War arose not from one isolated event, but from the different ideologies and interests between the Soviet Union and the west. Also the Russian government was seeking revenge on the United States because the United States did not enter the war effort soon enough and that caused for more Russian casualties. After WWII After WWII, Germany was divided into four zones and occupied by Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Berlin itself was occupied by the western powers; however, it was surrounded by the Soviet zone. Between 1947 and 1948 cooperation between these powers broke down. The west decided to create a separate government in their zones. To prevent this, the Soviet's increasingly harassed the western traffic to and from Berlin. Russia was trying to spread communism, abolish democracies, and spread poverty. Thus creating the Berlin Blockade, which forced America to create the Berlin Airlift. This created a greater controversy between the United States. This controversy's caused spies to enter into the opposition's country. Russia V.S. United States The most visible part of the cold war was the arms race. Massive and expensive militarization movements, especially nuclear weaponry on the part of both nations involved caused a new psychology to develop. The theory of total destruction of the other country was based on three ideas. One: both nations have enough weapons do destroy the other, two: both nations can detect a first strike before it arrives, and three: both nations are able to respond adequately before they are hit by the first strike. The Cold War :: American America History The Cold War A war that has created controversy amongst two of the greatest world leaders, United States of America and The Soviet Union, is known as The Cold War. A dispute between once allied countries arose in the Post-WWII era. The United States and the Allied Powers faced many challenges at the end of WWII. America's policy was one that contained the spread of communism in Eastern Europe. Russia, under Lenin's rule called for a world revolution and brought the United States into it. It was not until after WWII, that the cold war really began, when the political power of the world shifted from the center of Europe to Moscow and Washington. The Cold War began after the collapse of Germany in May 1945(http://www.coldwar.org/indexrus.html). The creation of the cold war came from the disagreements for postwar Europe and the Far East. Each superpower, the United States, Britain, France and Russia had their own idea of how postwar Europe should look, and many of their ideas clashed. The Cold War arose not from one isolated event, but from the different ideologies and interests between the Soviet Union and the west. Also the Russian government was seeking revenge on the United States because the United States did not enter the war effort soon enough and that caused for more Russian casualties. After WWII After WWII, Germany was divided into four zones and occupied by Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Berlin itself was occupied by the western powers; however, it was surrounded by the Soviet zone. Between 1947 and 1948 cooperation between these powers broke down. The west decided to create a separate government in their zones. To prevent this, the Soviet's increasingly harassed the western traffic to and from Berlin. Russia was trying to spread communism, abolish democracies, and spread poverty. Thus creating the Berlin Blockade, which forced America to create the Berlin Airlift. This created a greater controversy between the United States. This controversy's caused spies to enter into the opposition's country. Russia V.S. United States The most visible part of the cold war was the arms race. Massive and expensive militarization movements, especially nuclear weaponry on the part of both nations involved caused a new psychology to develop. The theory of total destruction of the other country was based on three ideas. One: both nations have enough weapons do destroy the other, two: both nations can detect a first strike before it arrives, and three: both nations are able to respond adequately before they are hit by the first strike.

Psy 240 the Nature-Nurture Issue Essay

The Nature-Nurture Issue The nature versus nurture perspectives have been have been argued for centuries. The pro-nature perspective follows the theory that genetics and biological inheritance determine behavior, internal forces or stimuli; the pro-nurture perspective follows the belief or theory that experience and environment determine behavior, external forces or external stimuli. The psychology field known as biopsychology researches the aspects of both perspectives using critical thinking and research practices to determine the effects of both of these perspectives on human behavior; the control groups used in experimentation can be human or non-human subjects of a similar species. (Pinel. (2009)). The flaw in attempting to determine what degree of behavior is attributed to nature and what degree is attributed to nurture is that both of these perspectives play a role in how and why a behavior is exhibited. Some of the behaviors which individuals exhibit can be linked to animal or primal instinct, these are behaviors based on nature; however, we must consider that the primal fears we have as children such as fear of the dark, often no longer exhibited in the individual as an adult. This change in the behavior can be attributed to experience over time, the nurture perspective agrees with experience’s influence in behavior. (Pinel. (2009)). The brain is the central focus of the study of biopsychology, and researchers have determined that the brain’s functions are responsible for human behavior; research has determined the neuroplasticity theory of the brain changing based on both genetics and experience. The neuroplasticity of the human brain can be used as an example of why it is important to consider how much of behavior is based on genetics and how much is based on environment; however, it would be difficult if not impossible to determine what portion of behavior is nature or nurture because both effect behavior based on the neuroplasticity theory There are genetic factors that can affect behavior; however, experience and nurturing can assist in controlling some behaviors based on learning or the xpectations set for an individual. This idea makes sense that both genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) play important roles in behavior, the behavior of an individual may change over the course of a lifetime. (Pinel. (2009)). Reference Pinel, J. P. J. (2009). Biopsychology. Boston, MA: Pearson.

Marketing Mix-4p’s Strategy of Nestlé Pure Life (Npl) Essay

Product Strategy 1. Product Positioning: Product is something that is offered to the market. Nestlà © Pure Life (NPL) product strategy studies show that they are positioning the product with respect to its attributes that NPL is safe, pure, refreshing and healthy water. 2. Product line expansion: Nestlà © also does product line expansion; recently it has offered a 0.25 liter bottle of NPL in the market. It’s also using the company name with its product name i.e. Nestlà © Pure Life. NPL round shape and elegance of the bottle are instantly recognizable. Quality is cornerstone of NPL success. Nestle people say: â€Å"Quality is our more successful product and it is key to our success today and tomorrow.† Pricing Strategy 1. Non-price competition: In Price strategy, Nestle has adopted the strategy of non-price competition. It is offering one price for NPL to all cities of Pakistan. It also keeps the check on distributors to maintain single price of NPL. It offers trade discounts to its distributors. 2. Cost Based Pricing: The cost of production, which stands at the base of all pricing strategy, is well reflected in Nestle Pure Life price. Its rather higher price relative to other bottled waters can be explained using the Pricing Strategies Matrix. Since the quality of Nestle Pure Life is very high both from the Company’s and the consumers’ perspective, the high price justifies itself. Place of Distribution Strategy 1. Intensive distribution strategy: Placement is the distribution of the product to its customers at right time, in right quantity, at right price and at right place. To ensure this, channel adopted by the Nestlà © for distribution of NPL is as follows: Producer Wholesaler Retailer Consumer NPL comes under the category of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), so for this the timely supply is very important that’s why Nestlà © is following intensive distribution strategy. Promotion Strategies 1. Sponsorship: The Company is actively involved in sponsorship of educational and sports activities. In particular, the company sponsors Youth Pakhtakor, a young football team, and the friendly meetings or competitions of that team. Furthermore, outdoor posters and banners, references in movies and articles have made tens of thousands of people subconsciously aware of Nestle Pure Life (and other Nestle products). 2. Public relations: For establishing public relations, Nestlà © distributes its newsletters, annual reports, calendars and diaries, lobbying, donation for charitable and civic events. For the victims of 8th October 2005 earthquake, Nestlà © has donated 90 trucks, which were containing different foods items, and NPL was one of them which are around Rs. 2 Billion. The Nestle organized its teams to distribute products to the affected areas and all employees contributed from top to bottom.

Book Cover Design Ultimate Guide for Making Memorable Book Covers

Book Cover Design Ultimate Guide for Making Memorable Book Covers Book Cover Design: Your Ultimate Guide for Memorable Book Covers Are you a Richard?Richard put hours upon hours into writing a book he was proud of. He had it edited, spent the time to have others beta read it, and was SO happy with the results.Butof all the many hours he spent on his book, on the proofing and even self-publishing it on Amazon, the cover design was not even a whole one of them.And thats where he failed.And thats what his low book sales were reflective of.You see, Richard knew the contents of the book were important. What he failed to realize, however, is that people do, in fact, judge a book by its cover.In reality, according to The Book Smuggler, 79% of people say book cover designs play a decisive role in their decision to purchase a book.So, are you a Richardor will you learn what it takes to design a book cover that will sell your book?Here are our tips for how to design a book cover:Cost of book cover designHow long it takes to design a book cover7 steps to design your own book cover7 steps to hire a professional book cover d esignerStarting your book todayNOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereHow much does it cost to design a book cover?On average, you can expect to spend anywhere from $50 $500 for a book cover design thats professionally crafted.There are always (worthwhile) expenses you incur when self-publishing your book. The total cost of your book cover design will vary based on a few key factors.These rates of a book cover design depend on the following criteria:cover designers experiencehow intricate your book cover isthe time it takes to designhow many options you want to choose fromthe cover designers expertise with cover designthe cover designers demand for workWhat you want to remember is that your books cover is its very first impression to the world. Investing in this is above almost anything else (aside from book editing). 79% of people voted yes when asked if book cover designs play a decisive role in their decision to purchase a bookhow much time did you spend on yours?Click To TweetHow long does it take to design a book cover?The length of time it takes to design a good book cover can vary from a few hours when making it yourself to a few weeks if you choose to hire a cover designer.Overall, we recommend our students allot roughly three weeks from initial touchpoint to self-publishing your book in order to ensure your cover is fully complete before launching your book.However, please keep in mind that if you hire someone to design your book cover, they may not have availability right away. Meaning, reach out a few months before you want to launch your book in order to hire someone.Design your own book coverIf youre not quite ready to put your book in the hands of a professional designer, we have methods to help you design your own book cover.#1 Develop book cover ideasWe all typically have a thought about what we want our book cov ers to look like. Sometimes we even save images to our phone of covers we really like or want to emulate.Your first step for designing your own book cover is compiling all these ideas into a single place.You can find book cover ideas in all of these places:Pinterest sign on to Pinterest and look up book covers to get a ton of brilliant covers all in one place. This is also a great place to create a board specifically to save book covers for future reference.Goodreads There are so many books on Goodreads for you to look at as covers inspiration. You can even simply add these to your to be read list in order to save them for reference as well.Google book cover ideas Others have already done the work for you! Just go to Google and type in book cover inspiration and click on the images tab to be greeted with tons of great options you can save. Or you can check out helpful blog posts like this one on the 100 most creative book cover ideas.Peruse Amazon in your books genre This is by far the best method for coming up with book cover ideas. Simply go to your books genre by navigating to books your genre subgenre and look at the typical covers of bestselling books, like in the image below.#2 Use free stock images for your book coverOnce you have an idea for your book, you may need to outsource the images by using free stock photo sites.We highly recommend stock photos (if you cant have professional ones taken) because they are readily available for use, unlike some you might find on Google and want to use.Here are a few places you can get free photos for your book cover:Stocksnap.ioBurstPexelsUnsplashï » ¿PixabayFoodiesFeedFreestocks.orgPicographyï » ¿If you do want to up your game with stock photos, you can purchase licenses for the images (meaning oftentimes, youre the only person who can use that image).Heres where you can find paid stock images:ShutterstockAdobe Stock PhotosGetty ImagesiStockStoryBlocksKate Max StockStock UnlimitedHaute Stock#3 Choose bo ok cover fontsFonts matter! Depending on your genre, the style of your book, and even the vibe or voice you want to convey, your book cover fonts can make a major difference in how potential readers view your book.For example, I used three different fonts to make up the covers in the images below. Depending on which font used, the title suddenly has a new meaning- and a new audience.You have to make sure youre using a font for your cover that coincides with its message, tone, and the audience youre trying to reach.#4 Find the right book cover dimensionsYou cant design a book cover all willy nilly. The right book cover dimensions are crucial.What are the proper book cover dimensions?This is often your call and depends on your book formatting, but the most common paperback book dimensions are 6 by 9 (15.24 x 22.86 cm).This doesnt mean you have to use this size, but this is the most common size for a paperback book, and is Amazons default book dimension option if you publish through them.Here are more book cover dimensions for the multiple platforms you may publish on:Publishing PlatformFile FormatBook Cover Size (suggested)Cover Size RequirementsAmazon KDPJPEG or TIFF- 2560 x 1600 pixels - Ratio of 1.6:1Between 1000 x 625 pixels AND 10000 x 10000 pixels. One side must be at least 1000 pixels long/wide.Barnes NobleJPG or PNG- Height and width of 1400 pixels minimum750 pixels minimum for height and widthApple iBooksJPG or PNG- 1400 x 1873 px - 1600 x 2400 px1400 pixels wide as a minimumDraft 2 DigitalJPEG- 1600 x 2400 pixelsTall rectangle of 1600 wide and 2400 pixels longKobo BooksJPG or PNG- 1600 x 2400 pixels1400 pixels wide as a minimum#5 Use free or paid cover design softwareNow its time to put everything youve created and gathered together and design your actual book cover.There are many different options to choose from, some of which dont cost you additional money, while others do.You dont have to be an expert designer to create a great cover, but you do have to use certain methods to make it look like your book cover was designed by an expert (and well cover professional book designs in a bit).Using different design softwares, much like writing softwares, allows you to upload your work in a way that provides you with a clean finished results.Here are our top free book cover designs softwares to use:CanvaAdobe SparkGraphic SpringsDIY Book CoversDesign WizardGIMPVenngage Book Cover MakerThese are design softwares that are more advanced, and therefore not free:Photoshop $9.99/monthsAdobe Illustrator $31.49/monthPic Monkey $7.99/month to $12.99/month#6 Create 3 different cover optionsInstead of creating one solid cover, make three very different cover options. You never know what your audience will find most appealing.When you only make one cover, youre limiting yourself to only one option, which might not be whats best to maintain high book sales.For that reason, we always recommend to our students to have at least three differen t book cover options available for them to narrow it down from.#7 Test your book cover options with an audienceYou cant possibly know what will resonate well with your audience. Sure, if youve done your book research on your specific genre, youll have a good idea, but thats not always a sure thing.Were often too close to our books to accurately determine whats best for it.This is why we have someone else edit it. Fresh eyes can make a major difference on deciding whats best.We recommend joining a group (for our students, its our Mastermind Facebook group) or sending your cover options out to a group of people in order to get feedback.Heres an example of one of our students posting their cover for feedback in our group:Hire a professional book cover designerSometimes you just have to leave the professional work to, well, the professionals.There are tons of advantages to using a professional book cover designer instead of doing it yourself:They can create custom designs, instead of u sing stock photosThey have inside knowledge about the book cover worldThey will almost always make something of higher qualityYou can trust that your cover will be good for its genreThere are many ways you can go about hiring a cover designer, one of which we discuss in the video below, but following our steps for working with a professional will help you come away with the best book cover you can. #1 Put together book cover inspirationMuch like we discussed in the section on creating your own book cover, there are so many ways to find cover designs you like.We mentioned perusing Pinterest, searching for book cover inspiration on Google, and even heading to your books genre on Amazon to find what covers are performing best.The main difference when working with a professional designer is that you should compile these ideas somewhere you can share with them.Ultimately, they will create a cover they know to be great for your book, but they also want to know your vision for the project as well.#2 Research popular book covers in your genreWe touched on this in the above section as well, but when looking for book cover ideas, spend some time to research whats populat in your genere.Your cover designer will likely have experience creating in your genre (if you chose one wisely, at least) and can help with this but giving them a starting point will help you get to the cover youve always wanted, faster.#3 Hire a book cover designer you likeFinding a cover designer can be tricky. Here are Self-Publishing School, we actually provide a Rolodex of talented book cover designers (as seen in the image below) in order to allow our students to cut down on expenses and time spent searching.That being said, there are many methods for finding cover designers.Here are the many places you can find book cover designers for hire:If youre a student of ours, the Rolodex featured above in your courseFiverrUpworkReedsy99 DesignsELP Publishing17 Studio Book DesignGoogle and research fre elance book cover designersBespoke Book CoversOnce you find a book cover designer you want to work with, the rest of this process continues.#4 Communicate your ideas about the book coverBe as clear with your design as you can about what you want and expect for your book cover.Remember, theyre not miracle workers, but if their experience is in line with what youre looking for, be very upfront about what you want.Share your book cover inspiration ideas with them in order to give them an idea of what to create for you.Another thing theyll ask is what your book is about. Give them the core elements, the style of it, and the tone you want it to have along with who your core audience is.#5 Ask for 1-3 optionsAt minimum, you should have 2 different cover options completed, though we highly recommend 3 in order to get a wider range of what you truly want.This allows you to find the cover that BEST suits what youre looking for.Like in the example from our very own team member, Michael Lach ances book, Land Your Dream Job, these cover design options should vary greatly from one another, and not just be different in their text or colors. Make this very clear to your designer- most offer 3-4 cover options within their packages already.#6 Test your book cover options with an audienceThe above image is an example of getting feedback of your cover design. Its always a good idea to run the final cover options through a feedback group in order to see what OTHER people resonate with.Sometimes your target market will like a book cover that isnt your favorite.While its completely up to you which cover to go with, remember to keep your audience in mind. After all, your book is for them, not for you.#7 Finalize your cover optionsThe final step for your book cover design is to finalize it! Work with yoru designer to choose your favorite design, finalize the color and font options, and thats it!We recommend hosting a book cover reveal as a way to stir up more anticipation for your novel before your book launch as well!Ready to start writing your bestselling book TODAY?Book covers are just a single, albeit important, part of the book publishing process.In order to do your book justice, check out our free training on how to write a bestselling book!

U.S. History - Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S. History - Reflection Paper - Essay Example While pursuing the course under consideration I came across a few things that were new to me. Britain first lost the War for Freedom in the minds and hearts of the people inhabiting the American colonies, before it lost it on the battlefields of America. Britain never tried to holistically and formally participate in the political issues that were of emotional, social, economic and cultural significance to the colonies. Whatever political influence Britain exercised on the colonies was pecuniary and ‘Britain centric’ in nature that included recognition of the Proclamation Line, posting of British garrisons and imposing arbitrary taxes. Had Britain been more sensitive and astute in its response, perhaps the American Revolution would have never taken place. The other thing that was new to me was the fact that the political and social figures that are oft revered in the American history were marked by immense contradictions in their personal choices and political beliefs. For example Thomas Jefferson is considered to be one of the greatest American Presidents who was publically opposed to slavery. Yet, it was amazing to find out after some research that due to a big personal debt, Jefferson owned slaves for his entire life. 2. One most important thing about the American history that surprised me pleasantly was the text of the Declaration of Independence and its moral and ethical ramifications. I personally feel that the Declaration of Independence is a document that is not only of timeless relevance to the American democracy, but the very ability of its drafters to envisage and formally consolidate the ideals and principles that were of universal appeal and importance, in an age when the means of communication and hence the possibility o f a global spread of ideas was very constrained, is amazing, surprising and pleasant indeed. The Declaration of Independence was indeed a worthy culmination of the liberal ideas enshrined in the Western philosophy and politics. Consider the words: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† The very ability of the drafters to come out with the idea of universal equality in those times is indeed astonishing and surprising. No doubt, at a very late stage, it was Lincoln who once more brought to fore the views and ideals of the Founding Fathers enshrined in the Declaration of Independence to start a war to end slavery, which was to change America forever. I found it really surprising that the Declaration of Independence is a document of recurring importance that is perhaps never going to lose its salubrious fr eshness and appeal in the times to come. 3. The things about the US history that surprised me unpleasantly or disappointed me were the treatment met to the Native Americans and blacks and the very fact that America harbored and exercised imperialist intentions and designs at some time in its history. These aspects of the US history were not only contrary to the American ethos and beliefs, but signified the tendency of a nation to resort to hypocrisy in the face of commercial advantages and interests. Though, the Founding Fathers promised a fair treatment to Native Americans, yet the practice of a specific race to resort to unchecked expansion in the Indian territories, encouraged by a belief in the inferiority of the Native races and culture sounded simply horrific and contradictory. The very same beliefs allowed the plantation holders to exploit the black slaves in an emotional and ethically callous pursuit for

Discussion questions for the week Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion questions for the week - Essay Example A type-II is a direct opposite where the researcher may totally miss out on a possible impacting result or hypothesis and eventually says that there were no critical results. The example of type II error is just the converse of previous example where the result turns out to be negative for a disease but actually the patient does possess it. Many of the time, these types of errors occur because of incorrect methods followed in a research, like incorrect number of sample data being tested etc. Because of the impact produced by these errors which sometimes may result catastrophically, there should be immense attention placed on such predictions to prevent both false positive and false negative results. (Type I and Type II errors, 2004) Statistical significance and practical significance are although based out of data, they have completely different interpretations. Statistical significance provides a relationship between data which may be significant statistically but does not count in as useful way, practically. However, practical significance, as the name indicates, provides a meaningful relationship between the data which may go on to help in identifying or stating a hypothesis. For example, if we consider the number of educated people in a state over a period of time and if it results in such a way that on mean, 60 people are educated out of 100 in one state and 61 people are educated out of 100 in another state. Statistically it provides a lot of difference between two sets of data but on the other hand, there is no significance associated with it practically. (McIntyre,