Declaration of the Rights of Men and of Citizens - 1751 Words

THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MEN AND OF CITIZENS - AN ANALYSIS IN FIVE PARTS EQUALITY The Declaration of The Rights of Man and of Citizens begins with a clear stipulation of intrinsic freedom and equality in every man. Equality, therefore, seems to be an appropriate place to begin. The Declaration defines our equality in relation to our rights, such that we are all born with the same entitlements and among them the right to perpetuate such rights throughout our lives. Each and every one of us is entitled to the expression of the will of a community (which, according to Rousseau, is the collective will of the constituent individuals). In a similar light, the law is to regard each individual without bias; performing its duty of†¦show more content†¦What gives another man the power to wield the scales of the law, is he superior to any other man that he may decide his counterpart s fate? Who has the prerogative to empower another man with the sword and shield of the law? According to the declaration, all citizens have a right†¦either personally, or by their representatives, in its formation. So the populace, by right, has power over the law, which in turn, by right, has power over the populace. Ideally, this ascertains the equality of power. A cyclic system where the law changes with the people and adjusts itself accordingly as the essence of man itself changes; where any change in the attitudes of the people is reflected in a change in the law. Equilibrium is, therefore, maintained and this allows elasticity and exposes duality in the expression of power. This is by no means a moral system. By this definition, the law is as fickle as man and serves as an inadequate canon, an imitation canon to reassure us that we are a moral and just society. Though the Declaration implores the equal distribution of law, all being equal in its sight, it has managed to allow the atrocities committed in the past. The witch hunts, slave trade, oppression of women, exploitation of children and the inquisition are merely a few events where the latter section of the clause ([the law] should be the same to all) has been unpardonablyShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of The Rights Of Man And Citizen By Frederick Douglas And The Important Men1298 Words   |  6 PagesWe live in a world that is based around freedom and rights. As citizens, we expect to have a say in how we live everyday life, whether it involves employment, owning a house, or who we elect as president of the United States. Either way, our world is based around our natural rights. After the Declar ation of the Rights of Man and Citizen was written, this caused a wave of revolution. This Declaration had an impact on populations such as Haiti, but also had a major impact on countless other slave populationsRead MoreWomen And Women During The French Revolution1413 Words   |  6 PagesFrench Revolution, namely 1789, men and women were both dealing with change in government, society, and many different aspects of life. Two documents that represent the rights of men and women are Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and The Vindication of the Rights of Woman. These two documents are similar in content because they describe how men and women should be treated as equals in society. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen came first, and sparked the interestRead MoreWomen s Oppression During The Land Of The Free1336 Words   |  6 PagesSupposedly Land of the Free The Declaration of Independence represents justice, equality, and natural human rights. Written to liberate American citizens from British control, the document stood for the colonists to live as freely as they wished. As grand as this document is, the pronouns and terminology used throughout this document is in the eye of controversy when the rights and status of women become involved. Mary Wollstonecraft, writer of A Vindication of the Rights of Women, is a major forerunnerRead MoreThe Power Of The Crown And The Authority Of The Government1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe power of the crown and the authority of the government is limited by the Declaration of Man and the Citizen. One situation where the government is limited is where â€Å"Men are born free and remain equal in rights.† (1789, Art, 1, DRMC.) The government must give all men equal rights. The rights of man include â€Å"liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.† (1789, Art, 2, DRMC.) Both the power of the crown and the authority of the government are limited by (1789, Art, 3, DRMC.)Read MoreThe Success Of The American Revolution881 Words   |  4 PagesThe years 1776 and 1789 were two pivotal years for oppressed citizens. In America, the citizens were fed up with the totalitarian monarchy of England who continuously taxed them. The American colonies wanted their freedom from England because they no longer had a say in England’s government, but were still forced to follow its laws. Thomas Jefferson, the head of the committee to later drafted America’s demand for freedom, went so far as to call England an â€Å"absolute tyranny.† Americans knew theirRead MoreThe Destruction Of The Monarchy During The French Revolution1523 Words   |  7 Pagesdestruction of the monarchy during the French Revolution symbolized the Enlightened opinion that people shared fundamental rights. Questions about what it truly meant to be a citizen, especially in resp ect to political responsibilities such as voting and holding offices, were passionately contemplated and defined. However, prejudices quickly created controversies over whom, exactly, these rights and privileges belonged to. Craftily referred to as â€Å"citizenesses†, women were one such deliberated group duringRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Tennis Court Oath1680 Words   |  7 PagesLooking at who is to be a citizen, religious minorities, and women, the ideals for a new system started a new beginning by ending the Ancien Regime’s hold and replacing it with enlightenment principles. The document which came to embody the French Revolutionary ideals of Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite, ou La Mort was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Promulgated on August 26, 1789, this document laid out the foundation of a new system by outlining right that had been previously withheldRead MoreThe American Of The British Empire Essay1672 Words   |  7 Pagesin the most protest and aggression. Although the law included a small of money, but the colonists were highly offended. The unjust laws of the British were diverse like preventing free trading, vulnerable colony borders, colonists had absolutely no right to trial by jury, and were assigned the task of feeding and hosting the British soldiers. The unfair and brutal laws of Britain led to one of the most memorable incidents that happened in the history of the American Revolutionary War. This incidentRead MoreIn 1789, The Old Regime Came To An End With The Beginning1283 Words   |  6 Pagesaround. Looking at who is to be a citizen, religious minorities, and women, the ideal for a new system came suddenly from the enlightenment, which allowed practical changes in French society at a slower pace. First is the document which came to embody the French Revolutionary ideals of Equalite, Liberte, et Fraturnate: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Promulgated on August 26, 1789, this document laid the foundation of a new system by outlining the rights that had been previously withheldRead MoreThe Declaration Of Sentiments By Elizabeth Cady Stanton1225 Words   |  5 PagesMarlaire AP Lit P.1 27 January 2015 Essay Contest: The Declaration of Sentiments In the Declaration of Sentiments, author Elizabeth Cady Stanton expresses her anger of the oppression experienced by women in the United States. After being rejected to attend the World’s Anti-Slavery convention in London, Stanton was frustrated because she was being rejected for being a woman. This motivated Stanton to share her own ideas on advocating women’s rights and changing the way women are treated in society because

The Hero The Word Hero - 1122 Words

The word hero holds significance for many. A hero is usually someone who is idolized or admired for the brave and courageous things that they have accomplished. Roland was a very brave and skillful individual who accomplished many heroic tasks in his life including his loyalty to King Charlemagne, but his bold personality also got him into trouble and ultimately led him to death. He maintained an honor and loyalty that led him to a martyr’s death, though. Although he was disliked by many, including Ganelon who was his own father, he came to be known as a great man in history and he played a major role that helped shaped medieval times. His temper and bold attitude are just a few attributes that helped propel him forward in his successful, heroic lifestyle. Many adjectives can be used to describe a hero. Some include relentless, humble, responsible, defiant, etc. The main traits that I would use to describe Roland’s heroism include loyal, bold, skillful, brave, knowledgeable and honest. He was extremely loyal to King Charlemagne, but used his skills and knowledge to gain popularity among the Franks. His hot-temper and often â€Å"showy† attitude helped him in battle. Something that also helped him throughout his journey was the use of King Charlemagne’s Code of Chivalry. King Charlemagne’s Code of Chivalry was a knight’s honor code during medieval times. The Code of Chivalry consists of rules that were used to soften a knight’s aggressive, fighting side. That’s why they wereShow MoreRelatedWho Is The Word Hero?1366 Words   |  6 Pages Say the word â€Å"hero.† What is the first thing that comes to mind when one hears the word hero? Some may visualize Superman flying through the sky saving a young child, while hero for others may be a more realistic image of a soldier or police officer appearing at the time of need to save someone from danger. Still, others might think about Jesus Christ as a hero for his act of dying on the cross to save people from sin and death. Is a hero defined by the number of sacrifices he has made to theRead MoreWhat Is The Word Hero? Bravery?767 Words   |  4 PagesWhat comes to mind when you hear the word hero? Bravery? Courage? Selflessness? When you hear hero, you may think of Harry Potter who saved the world seven different times. You may think of Superman, and how he defeats the villains. You may think of Malala Yousafzai, who put her life on the line for her education. You may think of your mom, who cares and supports you unconditionally. God may come to mind, who continue s to show mercy and forgiveness every day. These are all perfect, stereotypicalRead MoreAnti Hero Is Not A Curse Word?1188 Words   |  5 Pagesseason, and it s that time of the year where the intensity is as strong as ever. Words have been flying through the air left and right, often using not so stellar language upon the opposing side.These words could be seen as offensive, and often Americans perceive that curse words and arguments come hand and hand, but can you think of a deplorable, slanderous word that is not a curse word? One that comes to mind is Anti-hero,it comes to mind for me because it has been trending upon the American audiencesRead MoreThe Definition Of The Word Hero As A Man Admired For His Achievements And Noble Qualities1319 Words   |  6 PagesMerriam-Webster lists the definition for the word hero as â€Å"A man admired for his achievements and noble qualities†. This definition is a perfect portrait former United States president Ronald Reagan. During his presidency, Reagan showed that he was this man through his patriotism, family values and faith in God, achieving economic prosperity and peace and stability during international turmoil. Explaining why he is one of America’s most revered presidents to date. Ronald Wilson Reagan was born onRead MoreWhen you hear the word â€Å"hero† you think of somebody that is brave, courageous, and determined. They700 Words   |  3 PagesWhen you hear the word â€Å"hero† you think of somebody that is brave, courageous, and determined. They seem to always support a cause and wanting to make a difference. In the novel, A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway there is one individual who stands out as the â€Å"Hemingway Hero.† It is called a Hemingway Hero because of the way Hemingway writes. The characteristics of the â€Å"Hemingway Hero† are brave man of action, knowledge, stoical, and a strong survivor. In this book those qualities belong to aRead MoreSophocles Antigonon : The Tragic Hero : Creon742 Words   |  3 PagesThe Tragic Hero: Creon Hero. Hero comes from the greek word heros meaning â€Å"A person who faces adversity, or demonstrates courage, in the face of danger.† Growing up we have always read stories about heroes coming to save the day; for instance, Captain America. Being that our whole lives we were mostly exposed to heroism, have you ever asked yourself what is the opposite of a hero? A villain is the opposite of a hero, but their is another opposite form of a hero; a tragic hero. A Tragic hero is â€Å"A literaryRead MoreEssay on Made to Order Hero1594 Words   |  7 Pages Made to Order Hero nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many times in life we encounter an individual that touches us in some profound way. The relation of this individual to the person they are influencing is as diverse as the personal experiences that causes this admiration. This individual, or hero, can impact and totally change the direction of someones life. A hero can be anyone, from a professional athlete, to a public service figure, to a relative or parent. Each hero is defined by an individualsRead MoreMuch Ado About Nothing. Character Tracker. Character. Who1401 Words   |  6 Pagesthe action is set. Leonato is the father of Hero and the uncle of Beatrice. Pedro. He is open minded person and also very loyal to his friends. Leonato runs into his elder brother who overheard Don Pedro talking about Hero but doesn’t know it s for Claudio. Leanoto decides to trick Bendick along with donpedroand Leanato Leonato teases Benedick about never marrying which could possibly influence Benedick to marry Beatrice. Hero Hero is lovely, gentle, and kind. She falls in loveRead MoreAre Athletes Heroes? Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagesnumerous ways to describe a hero. What makes a hero? I have determined in my opinion, that the word Ahero@ consists of ones accomplishments, actions or service that leads to the betterment of others. From my definition of the word, exceptional athletes do have the potential to be heroes. The word hero has been used broadly for many years. The word has found different variations of its meaning throughout a time line of history. Going back to our ancient history, the word was found primarily in literatureRead MoreEssay on How Heros and Villains Have Envolved Since Aincent Greece1128 Words   |  5 Pagesof a hero was different from our own cultures. As the years passed, the overall concept of what a hero changed dramatically then what they thought years ago. A hero is a literary figure, of course, but here, too, we need caution so that we don’t misapply our own cultural ideas and standards to the ancient Greek hero. You may ask, what is a hero? How can you describe a villain? But everyone will have a different answer to these questions. We all have different points of views on what a hero or a

Is the Constitution a Living Document Free Essays

â€Å"Is the Constitution a living document? † Well the meaning of the living document is the provisions by which it may be altered in order to remain current, address unforeseen circumstances and make legal provisions for those accordingly. By being a â€Å"living† document, the Constitution has grown and expanded, and now ensures women and minorities the right to vote among many other things. Most justices agree that the writers of the Constitution prudently chose to write this document in general terms so that modern-day justices can still apply its precepts to a world with changing laws, attitudes, and conditions through successive generations. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Constitution a Living Document? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes first advanced the concept of a living Constitution in 1920 in his opinion on the case, Missouri VS Holland. A second, and more controversial, view of a living Constitution contends that when the elected legislative and administrative agents of the government fail to redress a wrong or solve a particular social problem, then the courts may act to remedy the situation through the process of judicial review. Our written Constitution, the document under glass in the National Archives, was adopted 220 years ago. It can be amended, but the amendment process is very difficult. The most important amendments were added to the Constitution almost a century and a half ago, in the wake of the Civil War, and since that time many of the amendments have dealt with relatively minor matters. The American Constitution is long-lived, has enduring qualities, and was intended for many decades. The living document was founded on enduring principles, and was based on the authority of a people who are sovereign has been attested to by many of its leaders. That it can be changed when, and if, the people ordain such change is a part of its own provisions. For these reasons, it can be said to be a â€Å"Living Constitution†. How to cite Is the Constitution a Living Document?, Essay examples

Validity and Research Design

Questions: 1. compare and contrast the characteristics of external, internal, and construct validity. 2. Identify the threats to external and construct validity.3. Discuss how validity issues could impact your envisioned research?4. Evaluate the differences between facts and theory, as well as concepts and variables. Answers: Introduction: Validity can be referred as one of the important factors that need to be taken into consideration during the research process. In the field of statistics and science, validity is the extent to which a measurement, conclusion or a concept is well-founded and it should also correspond to the real world accurately. The degree, to which the measurement tool can measure what it claims to measure, can be assessed with the help of validity of the tool. Test validity is applied in the case of psychometric tests and the validity measures the extent to which evidence can support the test score interpretation. The validity in a scientific research design can measure if the research can answer the questions that are asked at the beginning of the research. So it can be said that the validity addresses the nature of reality and to estimate whether truth can be achieved from the research. The main aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the characteristics of various forms of validity in the c ontext of a psychometric test like measuring the memory of a person or personality testing. Compare and contrast of the characteristics of external, internal, and construct validity: External Validity Internal Validity Construct validity External validity can be referred as the causal inference validity in the research process; External validity is the extent to which the generalisation of the results of a situation can be done to other people in other situations; The pre-test impact, the post-test impact and reactivity need to be addressed; In external validity all situations must be specific as it can limit the generalisation (Blagov, Bi, Shedler Westen, 2012); The cause and effect relationship should be established in the pre-test as well as in the post test situation. Internal validity can be referred as the inductive estimate of the degree to which causal relationship conclusions can be made; The internal validity represents the extent to which the warranty of a causal conclusion can be given; If the systematic error can be minimised then the generalisation can be warranted (Cakmur, 2012); It is very important to demonstrate a causal relationship between the two variables. For example in case of memory test the difference in recall capacity can be affected by the type of list that is given during the experiment. The recall output can be higher if it is a controlled list and the recall output can be lower if it is a chunk list. Construct validity can be referred as the degree to which the test measures can claim what it intended to measure; It is also contended as the overarching concern of the research validity and all types of validity evidences are subsumed in the construct validity; The appropriateness of the test measures are assessed on the basis of the construct validity; It can estimate whether the test constructs what it intended to construct. For the overall validity measure of a test, construct validity must be maintained; The theoretical ideas and the rationales are the main basis of the judging the appropriateness of the results of the test scores. The trait under consideration is supported by the tests and it can present the construct validity. In the case of psychometric tests there are various aspects like the intelligence, personality, memory that can be measured by using the psychometric tests and there are various theories that are presented for each of these factors (Doran, Safran, Waizmann, Bolger Muran, 2012); The construct validity basically helps whether the results can comply with the theories and the rationales. There are basically six items that can measure quality of the construct validity; These are consequential, that measures the potential risks of invalidity of the measures. The second factor is the content of the measure. The third factor is the substantial nature of the theoretical foundation of the construct validity; The fourth factors is the structural nature and the sixth factors is the external qualities of the measure like the discrimination, convergence etc. The last factors are the generalisation measure. Threat to External Validity: There are several threats that can be faced in case of external validity especially in terms of making the generalisation. When the independent or the cause variable relies on other factors then there can be limitations in the generalisation. So the interactions of all the threats are with the causal or independent variable. Some if the threats to external validity can be mentioned here. The experimental treatments can interact with the pre-testing and it can create certain impact that may hamper the generalisation on the untested population. There can be experimental treatments and selection biases that can interact in the process and thus the results can be affected which threatens the validity. It can create a reactive impact on the experimental arrangements and there can be interference as well for the multiple-treatment. Threats to Construct Validity: There can be several threats to construct validity as well. The threats to the construct validity can be stated here. The preoperational explication of the constructs can be inadequate. It can create severe issue as it can impact the results of the experiment. There may exist the mono-operational bias in terms of the treatment, programme, cause or independent variables of the study and thus it can also affect the outcomes. In this context it can be said that the operationalisation can be flawed in terms of the construct validity which can create major issues. There can be threat due to the mono-method bias. This is related with the observations or the measures of the research study. There can be threat when there is interaction between the treatments and the testing as it can make the groups more receptive or sensitive towards the treatments. Threat can be in terms of restrictions for the generalisations across the constructs. These are also referred as unintended consequences and thus may lead to side effects in the research (Jensen, Wang, Potts Gould, 2012). Impact of Validity Issues on the Research: Here it can be said that the validity issues and the threats that are presented here can lead to severe consequences for the psychometric tests as well. In case of psychometric tests of personality or memory, the validity of the experiment is very important. In case of psychometric tests the validity is referred as test validity (Neophytou, 2012). If there are validity issues then the results cannot be generalised and thus it will not measure what it intends to measure. The validity in the experiments can exist if there are issues in terms of bias selection of the respondents. It is known that the human nature is different and thus there can be some other factors that can affect the results. Difference between Facts Theory and Concepts Variables: It can be said that facts and theories can be used in different context. The facts are those that can be observed readily by an individual. Any objectives can be pertained by the facts. The facts are undeniable and obvious phenomena under a controlled environment. On the other hand the theories are the explanations to the observations or the facts (Jensen, Wang, Potts Gould, 2012). Hypotheses can become a theory after the establishing relationship between the facts. A concept is basically an abstraction on the basis of the characteristics of the reality that is perceived. Thus the concepts are basically abstract ideas that human beings use and they are systematically independent (Nestor Schutt, 2012). On the other hand the variables are the representation of a concept. The variables are basically constrained by implementation and the development of the systems and these are linked to a concept for ensuring the representation. Conclusion: In conclusion it can be said that the validity and the reliability are the two main indicators of the quality or usefulness of an experiment. The validity measures whether the experiment has successfully measured what it intends to measure and the reliability indicates whether there consistency of the construct across time. It is evident that for validity, reliability is a necessary but not the sufficient condition. In this assignment various aspects of validity measures for the psychometric tests and the issues that can be raised in the process are discussed. References: Blagov, P., Bi, W., Shedler, J., Westen, D. (2012). The Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP): Evaluating Psychometric Questions About Its Reliability, Validity, and Impact of Its Fixed Score Distribution.Assessment,19(3), 370-382. doi:10.1177/1073191112436667 Cakmur, H. (2012). MEASUREMENT-RELIABILITY-VALIDITY IN RESEARCH.TAF Prev Med Bull, 1. doi:10.5455/pmb.1-1322486024 Doran, J., Safran, J., Waizmann, V., Bolger, K., Muran, J. (2012). The Alliance Negotiation Scale: Psychometric construction and preliminary reliability and validity analysis.Psychotherapy Research,22(6), 710-719. doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.709326 Jensen, M., Wang, W., Potts, S., Gould, E. (2012). Reliability and Validity of Individual and Composite Recall Pain Measures in Patients with Cancer.Pain Medicine,13(10), 1284-1291. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01470.x Neophytou, L. (2012). Examining the validity and reliability of the Greek version of the Bar-Ons Emotional Quotient Inventory.Educational Research Ejournal,1(2), 135-152. doi:10.5838/erej.2012.12.04 Nestor, P., Schutt, R. (2012).Research methods in psychology. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.